21st Century Literature From The Philippines and The World PDF

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD PRELIM & MIDTERM LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE LITERARY Paz Marquez Benitez - First Filipino PERIOD: SPANISH PERIOD woman who published a short story book Vernacular Language: Filipino - call...

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD PRELIM & MIDTERM LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE LITERARY Paz Marquez Benitez - First Filipino PERIOD: SPANISH PERIOD woman who published a short story book Vernacular Language: Filipino - called “dead star” that was written in 1925. Katutubong Wika José Rizal - Author of La Solidaridad ➔ Language in the Philippines during Graciano Lopez Jaena - Editor of La the pre-colonial period. Solidaridad Two Spanish Period: Marcelo H. Del Pilar - Second editor of La Early Spanish (March 1521 - 1565) Solidaridad Revolutionary Period (1565 - 1898) 3Gs (Goals or Reasons why Spaniards came SPANISH LANGUAGE → TAGALOG to the Philippines): G - Grace or God The introduction of the printing equipment G - Gold called the Xylographic Press by the G - Governance Dominicans resulted in the publication of 5 group of Missionaries: various religious materials and earliest 1. Augustinians books. 2. Pransiscans 3. Jesuits Poetically inclined writers led by Tagalog 4. Dominicans versifiers called Ladinos (natives who were 5. Augustinian Recollect also fluent in Spanish) such as Fernándo Governor Narciso Claverio - Influences the Bágongbantâ and Tomas Pinpin tackled Filipinos to have a Spanish name. mostly morality and religion. Two (2) Types of Spaniards: 1. Peninsulares - Spaniards born Folk songs still existed. outside the country 2. Insulares - Spaniards born inside Drama flourished as another literary genre the country type and metrical tales based on European Awit - Lyrics (12 syllables each line) origin (such as awit and korido). Korido - 14 syllables in each line Revolutionary Period: Diaryong Tagalog (1882) - A Emilio Jacinto - Brain of Katipunan Spanish-Tagalog newspaper, published Andres Bonifacio - Father of Katipunan many Filipino writings. The publication Emilio Aguinaldo - First president of the signaled the open campaign for reforms. Philippines and the traitor of Katipunan La Solidaridad (1889) - An underground La Solidaridad - A newspaper that is all newspaper, became the mouthpiece of the about Spaniards lie and wrong doings Reform Movement. ➔ Only for Filipinos Doctrina Cristiana - All about Christianity Emergence Of Other Types Of Literature ➔ Written in Spanish During The Spanish Period Lope K. Santos - Ama ng Balarila Books 1902 - First Novel Book Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian ➔ Written in English Doctrine) 1593 - The book written by Fr. Juan de Placenciaand Fr. Domingo Nieva was first printed. First book published in newspaper La Solidaridad is the Philippines. considered as the Among the other notable books printed mouthpiece of the Reform are: Movement. ➔ Nuestra Señora del Rosario - by Fr. Blancas de San Jose Some Notable Writers ➔ Barláan at Jósaphát (first published Francisco Baltazar (1788-1862) - in 1708) - Translated from Greek to was hailed as the "Master of Tagalog by Fr. Antonio de Borja Traditional Tagalog Poetry". His ➔ Urbana at Felisa by Modesto de well-known literary work, Florante Castro who is considered as the at Laura (1838–1861), is regarded as Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog. the most famous metrical romance Folk Songs. These were songs of the country. modified based on the folkways of Pedro Paterno (1857–1911) - was Filipinos during this period. the first Filipino who wrote a poetry Recreational Plays. These were collection in Spanish entitled mostly poetic and intended to be Sampaguitas y poesiasvarias (1880). performed during the Spanish era. His novel in Spanish Ninay (1885) Cenaculo. Carillo, Zarzuela, was considered to be the first Moro-Moro, Balagtasan, Duplo, and Filipino novel. Karagatan are among the examples Jose Rizal (1861–1896) - a Novels. These are fictitious prose, prominent ilustrado and the usually lengthy and complex. country’s national hero, is famous Pedro Paterno's work entitled "Ninay" - is for the novels Noli Me Tangere and the first novel published by a Filipino El Filibusterismo. These novels author. This was originally written in portray the corruption and abuse of Spanish language and translated into the Spanish officials and the clergy. English and Tagalog in 1907 and 1908. Andres Bonifacio (1863–1897) - the Newspapers. According to founder of the Katipunan, wrote the Britannica, some high-level poem “Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang journalism like articles written in a Lupa” which appeared in the official newspaper such as columns and newspaper of the Katipunan called feature articles can be considered Kalayaan in March 1896. as literature for as long as they Leona Florentino (1849–1884) - achieve a certain level of known as the “Mother of Philippine satisfaction under: Women’s Literature”, was a poet in ➔ Aesthetic both Ilocano and Spanish. Twenty of ➔ Chronological her poems were preserved and ➔ Psychological exhibited in Europe and were characterization included in the Encyclopedia ➔ The bulk of Filipino writings Internationale des Oeuvres des produced were mostly Femme in 1889. published in Diaryong Tagalog. The underground LESSON 5: PHILIPPINE LITERARY Aguinaldo promised allegiance to America PERIODS: AMERICAN PERIOD AND but still continued to be very vocal about JAPANESE PERIOD achieving independence for the Philippines. Pact of Biak na Bato - Agreement of Aguinaldo and the Spanish general. In 1935, Aguinaldo was soundly defeated by Manuel L. Quezon - Second President of Manuel L. Quezon as the first President of the Philippines and the First the Commonwealth Commonwealth president. Education System reformed and the Dimensions of Philippine Literature American teaches us the 3rs: During the transition period many Filipino Reading writers still preferred to write in Spanish Writing since English was still a foreign language to Arithmetic them. PNS(Philippine Normal School/University) now PNU (Philippine Normal University) - Filipino writers were into all forms of The first school during the American Period literature during the period of that was founded on September 1, 1901. apprenticeship but most of their works Thomasites - Term used for the American were critiqued as an imitation of English teachers of the Filipinos. and American models. July 4, 1946 - Tinanggap ng American na malaya na ang Pilipinas Short stories became the most prevalent June 12, 1898 - Unang winagayway ang literary form during the latter part of the watawat ng Pilipinas American colonial period. Dead star - Famous English story Guerillas - A group of people that is against The existence of American literary works the government. and periodicals as well as the coming of General Douglas McArthur - “I shall American teachers encouraged many Return” aspiring Filipino writers to use the English language. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910 - 1945) A new type of literature began when the The American colonial period is divided American system of education and the into two periods: English language were introduced. The period of apprenticeship (1910-1930) In the beginning, most of the literary works The period of emergence written in English were considered (1920-1930). imitative, but then later on evolved to a new variety of subjects, styles, and The surrender of the first Philippine conventions of writing. President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1901 signified the end of the military struggle for Common themes in plays were all about independence. nationalism. Other types of Literature Existed During Commonwealth government was suddenly the American Colonial Period in exile. Short Stories. These stories can typically be read in one sitting revolving around one There was great tension between the two subject and may range between 1,000 and major groups: 20,000 words. The first short story written HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan in English is entitled "Dead Stars" by Paz Laban Sa Hapon) - unified guerilla Marquez Benitez. army against Japanese invasion KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Some Notable Writers Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) - Juan C. Laya - He won first prize for political party approved by the his novel "His Native Soil" in the Japanese First Commonwealth Literary Awards in 1940. Jose P. Laurel - was appointed as the Zoilo M. Galang - His work entitled President of the Philippines under the "A Child of Sorrow" in 1921 is Japanese-sponsored Republic. considered the first Filipino novel in English In 1942, Mc Arthur escaped but promised to return, which he did in 1944. The US JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD (1942 - victory in the battle of Leyte Gulf signaled 1945) the beginning of Philippine liberation from Japan invaded the Philippines on December the Japanese. 8, 1941, which was strongly opposed by the Guerillas. Dimensions of Philippine Literature All forms of writing were censored during Captured soldiers and American deportees this time because there was no freedom of were forced to have a "Death March" to a speech and the press. prison camp where they walked for 100 kilometers from Mariveles, Bataan to San Only those who were living in the United Fernando, Pampanga. States such as Carlos P. Romulo and Manuel L. Quezon could write freely. An estimated 10,000 prisoners died here. Aguinaldo cooperated with the Japanese to The use of the English language was end Filipino and American opposition. stopped in almost all publications and only Tagalog and the vernaculars were Japanese colonizers failed to gain the trust permitted. of Filipinos. Few literary works were printed and mostly The resurgence of World War II forced considered as pessimistic and bitter former President Manuel L. Quezon and according to the author Victoria Abelardo. Vice-President Sergio Osmeña Sr. to immediately leave the Philippines and Another type of poetry that emerged is the sought residence in the United States as the Haiku consisting of three lines with 5-7-5 syllables or 17 syllabic poetry in all.  2. Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944) - Tagalog short stories flourished and some Commonwealth of the best works were compiled by the 3. José P. Laurel (1943-1945) - Second Liwayway magazine editors in Ang Republic Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang 4. Sergio Osmeña (1944-1946) - Pilipino ng 1943. Commonwealth 5. Manuel Roxas (1946-1948) - Third Some notable stories: Republic “Lupang Tinubuan” by Narciso G. 6. Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) - Third Reyes Republic “Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” by 7. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) - Liwayway Arceo Third Republic “Nayon at Dagat dagatan” by 8. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961) - N.V.M. Gonzalez Third Republic “Suyuan sa Tubigan” by Macario 9. Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) - Pineda. Third Republic 10. Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986) - Opera and classical music gained Third Republic (until 1972), Martial popularity. Law and Fourth Republic (1972-1986) Among the other types of literature that 11. Corazon Aquino (1986-1992) - emerged were essays (e.g. "Literature and Fifth Republic Society" by Salvador P. Lopez) and 12. Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998) - Fifth autobiography (e.g. "The Good Fight" by Republic Manuel Quezon) 13. Joseph Estrada (1998-2001) - Fifth Republic Some Notable Writers 14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Carlos P. Romulo - He won the (2001-2010) - Fifth Republic Pulitzer Prize for his notable works 15. Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016) - such as "I Saw the Fall of the Fifth Republic Philippines", "I See the Philippines 16. Rodrigo Duterte (2016-2022) - Rise", "Mother America", and "My Fifth Republic Brother Americans" 17. Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr. Narciso Reyes - He won first prize (2022-present) - Fifth Republic with his short story "Lupang O giliw - about longing to someone Tinubuan". Genre: Kundiman - expressing love for our country and love for someone and courting. LESSON 6: PHILIPPINE LITERARY Theme: How people show love and PERIOD: MARTIAL LAW PERIOD/ affection CONTEMPORARY PERIOD Musical Style: Solemn (Melodious and President Of The Philippines Soulful) 1. Emilio Aguinaldo (1899-1901) - Cultural Significant: Harana First Republic (Malolos Republic) Marcela Agonicillo - Sewed the Philippine Flag Jose Palma - Composer of the National June 12, 1896 (Liberation from Spanish by Anthem the revolutionists). He also recognized the Julian Felipe - Naglapat ng tono sa presidency of Jose P. Laurel. National Anthem EDSA - Epifanio Delos Santos Avenue Philippines During the Martial Law Epifanio Delos Santos - Filipino writer and Ferdinand E. Marcos took office for Historian presidency in 1965 and got re-elected in ➔ First Academician and Brain of the 1969 making him the first to win two brain of scholars presidential terms. Tyrant - Cruel UNESCO - United Nation educational, He declared Martial Law on September 21, Scientific, and Cultural Organization 1972, and led the country into what he calls MILF - Moro Islamic Liberation Front "The New Society" against lawlessness, Joseph Estrada - Ama ng Masa which incited much opposition. Post-Colonial Period (1945 - present) Marcos was forced to hold an election in After The War 1978 and 1981 to stabilize the country's In 1944, Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. assumed the chaotic condition where he won again. presidency upon the death of Manuel L. Quezon while the Philippine The death of Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" Commonwealth government was in exile in Aquino, Jr. became the beginning of calling the U.S. for Marcos' removal. Manuel A. Roxas defeated Sergio S. EDSA People Power Revolution (bloodless Osmeña, Sr. as the President in April 1946 revolution) through the initiative of Maria for the Independent Second Republic of the Corazon C. Aquino and her supporters Philippines. erupted, marking a significant national event. Elpidio R. Quirino assumed the remaining term of Roxas when the latter died of a Snap election was conducted in 1986 which heart attack in 1948. seated Corazon Aquino - the widow of Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. as the In 1953, Ramon F. Magsaysay was elected 11th President of the Philippines and ended as the new president but died in an airplane the 21 years of what many claimed as the crash on March 16, 1957. tyrant rule. Magsaysay's position was assumed by Marcos went into exile in Hawaii, where he Carlos P. Garcia who was re-elected and died on September 28, 1989. served until 1961. Philippines After The Martial Law (5th Diosdado P. Macapagal became the Republic to Present) President after Carlos P. Garcia. He changed the date of Philippine Independence from July 4, 1946 (Liberation from America) to The political and economic condition of the The first notable work that appeared right Philippines during Cory Aquino's after the Second World War under Japanese administration was described as chaotic. occupation in the Philippines is a novel written by Macario Pineda entitled “Ginto Monopolization of the agricultural industry sa Makiling” which was considered a took place after the International Monetary narrative of the Philippines’ social, Fund (IMF) forced the Philippines to pay its political, and moral aspects (Macansantos, debt amounting to 27.2 billion dollars et al, n.d.). It was noted for its resemblance which they claimed to be inherited from the to the work of Rizal and more on the work Marcos administration. of Balagtas in terms of plot and style. Fidel V. Ramos (also known as "Centennial The rise of English writers began after President") took office in 1992 where he exposure to the American language and immediately worked on the country's culture, although there were still many recovery. He was awarded the Peace Award Filipino writers observed using the by UNESCO in his effort to achieve a Peace vernaculars. Agreement with MILF. Sarvia (n.d.) considers the following Film actor Joseph Ejercito Estrada won the factors contributed to the flourishing of presidency with his pro-poor campaign in Filipino literature: 1998 but was ousted in 2001 because of 1. the establishment of the University corruption and gambling issues. of the Philippines in 1908 where English was primarily used as the Maria Gloria Macapagal Arroyo assumed medium of instruction office in 1998, got re-elected, and served 2. the founding of the Philippine until 2010. During her term, many Writers’ Association in 1953 impeachment complaints were filed against 3. the establishment of the Carlos her due to corruption and electoral Palanca Memorial Award in 1955 to sabotage where she got hospital arrest for name a few. her spinal surgery. According to Macansantos et al (n.d.), Former Senator Benigno Simeon C. Aquino among the common literary themes in III (aka PNoy or Noynoy Aquino) was novels and short stories were war seated as the next president in 2010. experiences which can be seen in the works of Stevan Javellana’s Without Seeing the Next to him is our current President- Dawn (1947) and Edilberto Tiempo’s Rodrigo Roa Duterte who is both a lawyer Watch in the Night for the English and politician. category. Dimensions of Philippine Literature While Filipino literature used the Filipino writers began to develop new vernaculars, the works of Lazaro Francisco themes, styles, and techniques. were profoundly noted for his style associated with Rizal’s influence such as Bayaning Nagpatiwakal (1932), Sugat sa Alaala (1950), Maganda pa ang Daigdig (1956), and Daluyong (1962). The influence of both Spanish and American styles could be observed in the work of Nick Joaquin where his flashback technique was highly appreciated by critics. Some writers attempted to incorporate a taste of folk tradition, especially in poetry such as epic and other oral forms of literature that still existed like Balagtasan. However, the oral tradition became less popular as people became more interested in short stories.