21st Century Reviewer Lesson 1 Philippine Literature PDF

**(21ST CENTURY REVIEWER) LESSON 1:** **🌺THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME FILIPINO WRITERS WHO HAVE GREATLY CONTRIBUTED TO PHILIPPINE LITERATURE:** **JOSE P. RIZAL** 📌Noli Me Tangere 📌El Filibusterismo **FRANCISCO BALTAZAR** 📌Ama Ng Panitikang Filipino **ANDRES BONIFACIO** 📌Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang...

**(21ST CENTURY REVIEWER) LESSON 1:** **🌺THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME FILIPINO WRITERS WHO HAVE GREATLY CONTRIBUTED TO PHILIPPINE LITERATURE:** **JOSE P. RIZAL** 📌Noli Me Tangere 📌El Filibusterismo **FRANCISCO BALTAZAR** 📌Ama Ng Panitikang Filipino **ANDRES BONIFACIO** 📌Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa **SEVIRINO REYES** 📌Lola Basyang **🌺PRE-SPANISH PERIOD(1565)** **📌FOLKTALES**- These are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror, and humor where one can derive lessons about life. **📌THE EPIC AGE**- Epics are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero **📌FOLK SONGS**- These are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature. These songs mirrored the early forms of culture and social life of a community, often passed down through generations. Many of these have 12 syllables. ***[FOLKTALES (Examples):]*** 📌\"The Monkey and The Turtle\" (Si Pagong at Si Matsing) 📌\" The Legend of the Maria Makiling\" 📌\" The Story of the Pineapple\" (Ang Alamat Ng Piña) ***[EPIC AGE (Examples):]*** 📌\" Biag ni Lam-ang\" (The Life of Lam-ang) 📌Hinilawod 📌Ibalon ***[FOLK SONGS (Examples):]*** 📌\"Bahay Kubo\" 📌\"Paru-Parong Bukid\" 📌\"Leron, Leron Sinta\" **🌺SPANISH PERIOD (1566-1871)** Spanish romanized Tagalog, which means that alibata was replace by Roman Alphabet. **PROSE**- Written or spoken language in it\'s ordinary form, without the structured meter or rhyme found in poetry. **POETRY**- A literary form that emphasizes the aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language. **RELIGIOUS PROSE AND POETRY**- To inspire, educate, or guide individuals in their faith. ***[PROSE(Examples):]*** 📌Bible Passages 📌Quranic verses 📌Sermons ***[POETRY(Examples):]*** 📌Psalms 📌Hymns 📌Devotional Poems **SECULAR PROSE AND POETRY**- To entertain, provoke thought, or provide insight into various aspects of life and the human experience. ***[PROSE(Examples):]*** 📌Novels 📌Short Stories 📌 Biographies ***[POETRY(Examples):]*** 📌Sonnets 📌Free Verse 📌Haikus **Haiku**-A traditional Japanese form of poetry consisting of 3 lines with a syllable pattern of 5-7-5. **🌺PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT(1872-1898)** In 19th Century, Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe called ilustrados began to write about the hitch of colonization. These ilustrados, formed the association called Propaganda Movement. ***SOME OF RIZAL\'S WRITINGS:*** 📌Noli Me Tangere 📌Mi Ultimo Adios 📌Sobre La Indolencia Delos Filipinos ***SOME OF DEL PILAR\'S WRITINGS:*** 📌Caingat Cayo (Be Careful) 📌Dasalan 📌Tocsohan (Prayers and Jokes) ***SOME OF JAENA\'S WRITINGS:*** 📌Ang Fray Buotod 📌La Hija and Del Fraile (The Child of the Friar) 📌 Everything is Hambug (Everything is mere show) 🌺AMERICAN REGIME PERIOD (1898-1941) ***EXAMPLE WORKS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF LITERATURE:*** 📌**Short Stories** (Footnote to Youth\" by JOSE GARCIA VILLA) 📌**Poetry** (\" Man Songs by JOSE GARCIA VILLA) **📌Essays** (\"The Filipino Writer and his Language\" by BIENVENIDO LUMBERA) written in English **🌺JAPANESE PERIOD(1942-1945)** Philippine literature in English came to a halt. Except for the TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all news papers in English were stopped by the Japanese. **HAIKU** Origin: Japan A three-line poem with 5-7-5 syllables. **TANAGA** Origin: Philippines A four-line poem with 7-7-7-7 syllables. **🌺 PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1946-1970)** Literary awards like the Palanca Awards encouraged the development of Filipino-Literature- The Guerrilla Writer\'s works helped to shape the country\'s literary landscape **\"GUERRILLA\"** refers to a group of writers who emerged during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II. **🌺PERIOD OF ACTIVISM(1970-1972)** LITERATURE became a tool for political expression and change, debates were a common feature in student activism. The period was marked by demonstrations and calls for government reforms. According to **Pociano Pineda**, youth activism in 1970-1972 was due to domestic and worldwide causes. **MAKIBAKA** (To dare!) **🌺PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-1985)** As Martial Rule was at last lifted on **January 17, 1981**, there was a gradual return to more open literary expression. **🌺POST-EDSA 1 REVOLUTION (1986-1995)** The purpose of People Power Revolution (**Feb. 21-25,1986**) was a major source of inspiration. Literature mirrored the joy and challenges of a newly restored democracy. ***EXAMPLES**:* 📌The Inquirer 📌Malaya 📌The People\'s Journal **🌺21ST CENTURY PERIOD (2000-PRESENT)** Literature is now heavily influenced by digital technology, making it more accessible and varied. ICT inclined to compete with the style and format of writing and new codes or lingos are used to add flavor in the literary pieces produced nowadays. **🌺IDENTIFYING REPRESENTATIVE TEXTS FROM THE REGIONS** **IMAGERY**- is a poetic element that tries to create a picture in the mind of the reader or a mental image through the use of figural language. **📌VISUAL** (sense of sight) **📌OLFACTORY** (sense of smell) **📌AUDITORY** (sense of hearing) **📌GUSTATORY** (sense of taste) **📌TACTILE** (sense of touch) **FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE** language refers to a language that is intended to create an image, association, or other effect in the mind **SIMILE**- A simile is a type of figurative language which is used to compare one thing against another. **METAPHOR**- A metaphor is a phrase describing something as something it is not in reality. **OXYMORON**- An oxymoron is a term which features two words which appear to contradict each other but makes sense of the situation overall. **HYPERBOLE**- A hyperbole is a figure of speech which exaggerates the meaning of a sentence. **IDIOM**- An idiom is a phrase which bears no literal meaning to the situation, it is describing but implies the facts or story behind it. **PERSONIFICATION**- It is used to give an inanimate object or item a sense of being alive. **🌺SAMPLE LITERATURE** **📌GABU**- Carlos A. Angeles **📌CARLOS A. ANGELES** Born on May 25, 1921 in Tacloban City, Leyte Graduated from Rizal High 1938 Study at various universities in Pre-Med and Pre Law [LESSON 2.] CONVENTIONAL AND 21ST CENTURY GENRES 21st Century Literature refers to new literary work created within the last decade. It is written by contemporary authors which may deal with current themes/ issues and reflects a technological culture. It often breaks traditional writing rules. 21st Century Reader grew up using technology as a primary learning tool. He is capable of navigating and interpreting digital formats and media messages, interpretation of technological speak, ability to communicate and interpret coded language and decipher graphics. 4 Main Conventional Literary Genres Poetry - Writing that uses rhythmic and often artistic language to express feelings, ideas, or stories, sometimes in verses or stanzas. Drama - Stories meant to be performed by actors on stage, focusing on dialogue and conflict between characters. Fiction - Made-up stories that aren\'t true, created from the author\'s imagination, like novels or short stories. Non-Fiction - Writing based on real facts, events, or information, such as biographies, essays, or articles. Different 21st Literature ========================= ILLUSTRATED NOVEL Story through text (traditional form) and illustrated images [50%] of the narrative is presented without words. (Not exactly 50% but conveyed with text and pictures) E.g, Alamat ng Gubat by Bob Ong, The Invention of Hugo Cabret by Brian Selznick. DIGI-FICTION -Combines three media literature: [book, movie/video and internet website.] E.g, She\'s Dating the Gangster by Bianca Bernardino, and Patrick Carman\'s Skeleton Creek. GRAPHIC NOVEL -Narrative in [comic book formats] which thematically linked short stories across a number of genres which were conveyed to the reader using a comic form. E.g, Trese by Budgette Tan and Kajo Baldismo, Archie Comics by John Goldwater and illustrator, Bob Montana MANGA -Japanese word for comics, comic books and graphic novels originally [published in Japan.] E.g., Naruto, One Piece, Sailormoon, Akira, Paradise Kiss, and Doraemon DOODLE FICTION -Author incorporates [doodle writing] and drawings and handwritten graphics in place of the traditional font. Drawing enhances the story, often adding humorous elements. E.g., The Diary of a Wimpy Kid by Jeff Kinney and Timmy Failure by Stephan Pastis. TEXT-TALK NOVELS Stories told almost [entirely in dialogue] simulating social network exchanges. E.g., Wattpad stories, Blogs, email and IM format narratives. CHICK-LIT OR CHICK LITERATURE -Addresses issues of modern [womanhood], whose femininity is heavily thermalizing in the plot, often humorously and lightheartedly. E.g., Claire Betita\'s No Boyfriend Since Birth, Scarlet Bailey\'s The night before Christmas and Miranda Dickinson\'s It started with a Kiss FLASH FICTION -Literature of extreme brevity wherein the length and category could range from [word to a thousand.] It aims to tell a complete story, often with a compelling plot, strong characters, and an impactful ending. E.g., Intoy Shokoy ng Kalye Marino by Eros Atalia, and Lemons by Floriane SIX-WORD FLASH FICTION -A unique and extremely brief form of storytelling, characterized by limitation to only [six words.] E.g., \"For sale, Baby Shoes, Never Worn.\", Spark is gone, but she isn\'t.\", and \"Found love, lost it, found again.\" CREATIVE NON-FICTION -Genre of writing that uses literary styles/ devices and techniques to create factually [accurate narratives.] E.g., Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM by J. Neil Gracia, 1000 Gifts by Ann Voscamp and Wind, Sand, and Stars by Antoine de Saint-Exupery SCIENCE FICTION -It is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as [futuristic science and technology,] space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, a parallel universe and extraterrestrial life. E.g., Suzanne Collins\' Mockingjay and Sarah Maas\' Kingdom of Ash. BLOG -A weblog, a website containing short articles called posts that are [changed regularly.] Some blogs are written by one person containing their own opinions, interests and experiences, while others written by different people. are E.g., Lakwatsero, and Panlasang Pinoy HYPER POETRY -Digital poetry that uses links using [hypertext] mark-up. It is usually found online, through CD-ROM and diskette versions exist. E.g., Pasyon, Virtual Verse, and The Wanderer\'s Diary [LESSON 3.] [CONTEXT AND TEXTS MEANING] - [PADRE FAURA WITNESS THE EXECUTION OF RIZAL] [AUTHOR: DANTON REMOTO] [DANTON REMOTO] [Danton Relato Remoto (March 25, 1963) a Filipino writer, essayist, reporter, editor, columnist and professor.] - - - - [PADRE FAURA WITNESS THE EXECUTION OF RIZAL MEANING ] [" I stand on the roof of the Ateneo Municipal, Shivering on this December morning.] [Shivering- shaking slightly and uncontrollably as a result of being cold, frightened, or exited.] [December - it was the month when Rizal got executed.] [" months ago, Pepe came to me in the observatory. I thought we could talk about the stars THAT DO NOT COLLIDE in the sky. Instead he ask me about purgatory ] [Pepe- Jose Rizal] [Observatory- a room or building housing an astronomical telescope or other scientific equipment for the study of natural phenomena. ] [Purgatory- (In R]o[man Catholic doctrine) a place or state of suffering inhabited by souls of sinners who are expecting their sins before going to heaven ] "(His cheek still Ruddy from the sudden sun after the bitter winters in Europe) Ruddy- (of a person\'s face) having a healthy red color Bitter winters in Europe- he was humiliated "With the year beginning to turn Salt stings in my eyes. I see Pepe, a blur" "Between the soldiers with their Mausers raised and the early morning's star: " Still shimmering even if millions of miles away, the star itself is already dead" Salt- is a symbol of taste, purity, preservation, fidelity, luxury, and welcome. However, is also associated with bad connotations namely chastisement, contamination, bad taughts, and sometimes death. Mausers- a make of firearm, especially a repeating rifle. Still shimmering even if millions of miles away (death)- star (Pepe being recognized even after his life) CONTEXT Context originated from the notion of weaving together. It is defined as the circumstances that form a setting of events, statements, or ideas and in the way of which it can be fully understood and assessed. The writers context is knowing about the writers life, values, assumption, gender, race, sexual orientation, and the political economic issues related to the author. Reader's context is about the readers previous reading experience, values, assumption, political and economic issues. The text's context is all about publishing history. It is part of the larger text such as news paper, history, events, translated in it. Social context and socio-cultural of a text features the society in which the character lives and in which the author's text was produced. The structure of the poem refers to a word that are put together or arrange such that they make sense. [Imagery] is creating a picture in the readers mind by using words that appeal to the senses. There are types of imagery that are used ( Menoy 2016) Visual Imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the senses of sight. Auditory Imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the senses of hearing. Kinesthetic Imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the action and movement. [LESSON 4. ] MULTIMEDIA FORMATS IN INTERPRETING LITERARY TEXT MULTIMEDIA Marshall (2001) defined **multimedia** as computer-controlled integration of text,graphics,drawings, still and moving images (video), animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally. *MULTIMEDIA FORMATS TO INTERPRET LITERARY TEXT* BLOG this is a website containing short articles called posts that are changed regularly. SLIDESHOW PRESENTATION these are series of slides, often displayed on a large screen using a projector MIND MAPPING these are series of slides, often displayed on a large screen using a projector MOBILE PHONE *TEXT TULA* is a short traditional Filipino poem. A particular example of this poem is a [tanaga] that consists of 4 lines with 7 syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line. (DepEd 2013, 8). TAG CLOUD this refers to a stylized method that represents the occurrence of words within a textual content such as websites, articles, speeches and databases. VIDEO it is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, replaying, broadcasting and displaying of moving visual media APPLYING ICT SKILLS IN INTERPRETING LITERARY TEXT ANECDOTE **An anecdote** is a short entertaining or interesting story about a real incident or person (Nagpal 2016). **Anecdotes** tell of stories and tales, since they can be about any topic under the sun. It is a short story about a real person or event which usually intends to make the listeners laugh or ponder over a topic (Your Dictionary 2020). PURPOSE OF THE ANECDOTES: *[TO BRING CHEERS]* - - PURPOSE OF THE ANECDOTES: *[TO REMINISCE:]* - - PURPOSE OF THE ANECDOTES: *[TO CAUTION:]* - - PURPOSE OF THE ANECDOTES: *[TO PERSUADE OR INSPIRE:]* - - LESSON 5. BASIC ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY Sinigang by Marie Aubrey Villaceran Basic Elements of a Short Story Characters A character of a short story is a person, in some stories an animal, who takes part in the action of the story or other literary work. It\'s said that the heart of the story are the characters. The two most important characters in a short story are the protagonist and antagonist. Protagonist A main characters who learns something or undergoes some changes throughout the course of the story. Antagonist The character that challenges the main character. It has no concern for the well being of the main character. Settings The place (locate) and time (period) when the story happens. The story may be based on real place and real time or it may also be based on the author\'s imagination. Most of the author\'s use descriptive words to the landscape, scenery, and etc. to provide a strong sense of setting. Plot Is it the actual story. It is also what the story about. It is also the series of events and characters action that leads to the highest point of interest in a short story. Plot consist a different structures: Exposition, Rising Action, Climax, Falling Action, and Resolution. Plot Structures Exposition- This is the beginning of the story. This is where the author introduces the characters, identifies where the story is happening, and establishes the main conflict. Rising Action- This event occurs as you begin to move throughout the Story. This is where conflicts start to build. Climax- It is the most exciting part of a short story. This is the part in the story when important decisions are made or important things are discovered. Falling Action- This point occurs after the climax as the problems in the story start to work themselves out. The excitement becomes less and less as the conflict is resolved. Resolution- This is the solution to the problem in a story. The solution may not be what you hoped for but as long as it fits the story in tone and theme, the conflict has been resolved. Conflict Every story needs to have a problem and this problem is called conflict. Without conflict, the story will not go anywhere and will not be very interesting to the readers. The main character may be faced with one of the four different types of conflict: Man vs Man Man vs Himself Man vs Nature Man vs Society Theme This is the central idea in a short story and a general truth. This is considered as the author's message to the readers. Point of View This is the way the story is told or narrated. It is also known as the vantage point that a writer uses to narrate the story. The following are the types of point of view in a short story: First Person the narrator **participates in** and tells the story using the pronoun 'I' Limited Third Person the narrator is **not in the story** and narrates using the pronouns 'she' or 'he'. The narrator is **unable to see** into the **minds** of the characters. Omniscient Third Person the narrator is **not in the story** and tells the story using the pronouns 'she' or 'he'. The narrator can tell the thoughts of the characters as he **can see** into their **minds**.