21st Century Philippine Literature PDF

21st Century Literature d. Notable Works Biag ni Lam-ang Lesson 3: Periods of Philippine Literature - An epic - Centered on the life and 1. Pre-Colonial Period...

21st Century Literature d. Notable Works Biag ni Lam-ang Lesson 3: Periods of Philippine Literature - An epic - Centered on the life and 1. Pre-Colonial Period adventures of Ilocos folk-hero B.C. - 1564 named Lam-ang Longest period Hinilawod Produced by our ancestors - An epic before any colonization - From Panay Passed through storytelling from - Recounts the exploits of 3 one person to another (Oral lore) Suludnon demigod (half-human and half-god) brothers a. Characteristics Based on oral traditions 2. Spanish Colonial Period Consisted of oral and written 1565-1863 (333 years) literature Language of oral literature was a. Characteristics language of daily life Religious and Secular (Non- Alibata – earliest alphabest (17 religious) letters with 4 vowels and 13 Spanish as the medium of consonants) communication Note: Baybayin was based on Alibata was replaced by Roman Arabic Script Introduction of formal b. Common Themes educational system Creation of the world Origin of things b. Common Themes Daily life experiences Religious Doctrines Events within the community Christianity/Catholic Faith (greatest legacy of their c. Common Literary Forms colonization) Oral literature European Tradition o Bugtong – a puzzling question o Salawikain – witty saying for c. Common Literary Forms teaching virtues Awit – heroic poem o Tanaga – a monorhyming (1) Corrido – legendary religious heptasyllabic (7) quatrain (4) poem expressing insights and lessons Cenaculo – reenactment of life Folk Tales and sufferings of Christ o Hele/Oyayi – a lullaby Moro-Moro – a play about the o Kumintang – a war song conflict of Christians and Muslims o Harana – a serenade Zarzuela – a musical comedy o Diona/Ihiman – a wedding song d. Notable Works o Talindaw – a boating song Ibong Adarna o Balitaw – a love song - A corrido Folk Songs - A mythical bird with healing powers  Florante at Laura - Propagates nationalism - An awit - Struggle and love 4. American Colonial Period Bernardo Carpio 1910-1942 - A myth Treaty of Paris – Spaniards - Legendary strong man of granted possession of Philippines Montalban to America a. Characteristics 3. Revolutionary Period Introduction of English Language (1863-1910) Languages for writing literature Literature in defiance against the includes Tagalog, Spanish, and Spanish Rule English Common themes + love for a. Characteristics country Planted seed of nationalism Language shifted from Spanish to b. Common Themes Tagalog Nationalism Adress the masses instead of the Sense of Belongingness elites Loss of Identity Heroism b. Common Themes Violent in nature c. Common Literary Forms Demanded independence Poetry Short Story c. Common Literary Forms Publication Propaganda Literature Drama - Political Essays - satires, editorials, and news articles written to d. Notable Works expose the devils of Spanish Rules Child of Sorrow by Zoilo Galang - - Political Novels – Rizal’s novels 1st Phil. Novel in English were meant to awaken the Dead Stars by Paz Marquez minds of Filipinos Benitez – 1st short story in English Revolutionary Literature written in the country - Political Essays – helped inflamed Footnote to the Youth by Jose the spirit of revolution Garcia Villa – a short story that - Poetry – poems of the period tackles teenage marriage focus on love for country Ninay – 1st Filipino novel written in Tagalog d. Notable Works Diariong Tagalog – Marcelo H. 5. Japanese Colonial Period Del Pilar Comfort Women - women who La Solidaridad – the famous were abducted and coerced publication by the propagandist into sexual slavery during Noli Mi Tangere and El Japanese Occupation Filibusterismo – novels of Rizal that paved the way to revolution a. Characteristics El Verdadero Decalogo - By Apolinario Mabini  Tagalog writers write in simple Writers used symbolism and language and free verse allegories Fiction prevailed over poetry To drive home their message Publications are censured except PETA and UP Theatre were used Tribune and Philippine Review as vehicles for protest Niponggo was introduced but Campus newspapers showed not well-embraced by Filipinos rebellious emotions Bilingual education was initiated b. Common Themes in public and private schools Nationalism From the 80’s onward, writers Life in the barrio continued dynamism and Faith innovation Love Religion b. Common Themes Arts Poems o Native Culture c. Common Literary Forms o Customes Haiku – a free verse of Japanese o The Beauty of Nature origin o Surroundings o 17 syllables divided into 3 lines (5- o Patience 7-5) Realities Tanka – 31 syllables divided into 5 o Exploitation lines (5-7-5-7-7) o Injustice Plays, poems, short stories, written in Tagalog and other vernacular c. Common Literary Forms language – topics and themes Protest Literature – expresses were life in the provinces to disapproval escape Japanese censorship Prison Literature – condemns unjustifiable imprisonment d. Notable Works Proletarian Literature – writing Suyuan sa Tubigan – Macario from or about the working classes Pineda (normal people) Lupang Tinubuan – Narciso Reyes Circumvention Literature - Uhaw ang TIgang na Lupa – expresses social and political Liwayway Arceo transgression through metaphors, symbolisms, and allegories 6. Modern Period 1960-1999 d. Notable Works Sept. 23 1972 – day when Pres. Dekada ’70 by Lualhati Bautista – Ferdinand Marcos Sr. declared focuses on the life of Filipinos Martial Law during Martial Law All kinds of literature produced The Rosales Saga – F. Sionil Jose during Martial Law The Flowers of May – Francisco Arcellana a. Characteristics During Martial Law, Filipino writers 7. 21st Century Literature were repressed to write about the 2001 – Present prevailing crisis a. Characteristics Lesson 4: Fiction Themes are realistic and naturalistic Fiction – includes works that are purely Gay and lesbian literature came products of writer’s imagination out Strong feminist tendencies are 1. Major Forms of Fiction evident a. Short Story – read in one sitting More social problems tackles Ex. The Ant and the Grasshopper, TV and films become popular Snow White, Three Little Pigs, etc. b. Common Themes b. Novella – intermediate length Daring and controversial choice Ex. Heart of Darkness by Joseph of subject matter Conrad Very innovative in structure and The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest style Hemingway Influenced by literary trends from Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens the west Characters, plot structure, and c. Novel – log narrative with a narrative techniques are more complicated plot complex Ex. The Social Cancer by Jose Rizal Dogeaters by Jessica Hagedorn c. Common Literary Forms The Woman Who Had Two Navels by Creative Non-Fiction – Nick Joaquin incorporates techniques from fiction and poetry 2. Elements of Fiction Hyperpoetry – digital poetry and uses hyperlinks a. Setting – when, where, and the Mobile Textula – form of poetry environment story took place written and shared via text on a mobile phone b. Character – involved in the Chick Lit – fiction about women’s circumstance and actions in a lives usually written by women story Types of Characters d. Notable Works Protagonist – principal or lead Ladlad by Danton Remoto – character; hero chronicles the lifestyles of gays Antagonist – villain; opposes and dilemmas they encounter in main character life Flat – does not change Women Loving: Stories and a Play throughout the story by Jhoanna Lynn Cruz - an Dynamic – undergoes anthology of lesbian-themed significant changes as story stories develops Twisted Series by Jessica Zafra – a Round – character that collections of essays about people can relate to the current events, technology, and most; lifelike life in the society Antihero – hero that does not exhibit expected character of a hero  Foil – total opposite of another character Earliest form of drama came from ancient religious ceremonies c. Plot -flow and sequence of Greek drama originated from events in the story rituals to venerate Dionysus (God Plot Patterns and Techniques: of Wine) Chronological – normal flow Aeschylus – added 2nd character (beginning, middle, and end) (antagonist) En medias res – story begins in Sophocles – added 3rd character middle (deuteragonist) Flashback – past events are English drama started from shown to justify conflicts of religious rites and activities; present mainly involves mystery plays Prolepsis or Flash-forward – provides a quick look or Drama glimpse of what may transpire “imitation of an action” – in the future Aristotle’s Poetics Foreshadowing - provides Imitates life but not actual clues or hints of circumstances experiences – Aristotle’s Poetics that may come soon in the A complete story with structure story and unity Either comical (light & fun tone) d. Point-of-view – way how story is or dramatic (serious tone) told or narrated An artistic depiction of how the Types of Point-of-view: writer views and sees life First Person POV – narrator is A work of literature with a series part of the story (“I, we, and of events us”) Acted out or performed on stage Second Person POV – assumes the reader to be the main a. Genres of Drama character of the story (“you”) Tragedy – a serious dramatic Third Person POV – narrators is atmosphere not part of the story; narrates o Lead character encounters a what he can see or observe misfortune leading to a disastrous from above (“he, she, and or catastrophic end they”) Comedy – amuses the viewing crowd e. Conflict – opposition of forces o Dark Comedy – serious tone that character needs to face o Focuses on crude topics: nude, f. Symbols – object used to sex, and bodily fluids represent something o High Comedy – appeal to g. Theme – idea or message the sophisticated viewer story tries to convey to readers o Uses witty dialogues o Low Comedy – broad humor o General appeal o Uses burlesque, slapstick and horseplay o Comedy of Humors (Old Lesson 5: Drama Comedy) – makes fun of  individuals who view themselves - Language is formal as very important - Straightforward, objective and o Comedy of Manners (New clear Comedy) – ridicule the manners Informal – commonplace and and behaviors of a higher social light topics class - Emotional appeal Tragicomedy – combines tragic - Language is familiar and and comic elements conversational but still insightful Closet Drama – meant to be read instead of performed e. Classifications Farce – characters and scenes Reflective – highly philosophical; are mainly exaggerated unique perspectives Mystery Play – religious play that Critical – reviews; positive and depict scenes from the bible Ex. negative aspect of a work being York Corpus Christi Play judged Miracle Play – stories of miracle Editorial – writer’s opinion performed by Catholic Saints Nature – beauty of nature and outdoor life Lesson 6: Essay Scientific – expository, logical, clear, and highly objective; a. Etymology explorations and findings of “easis” – attempts scientific experimentations Attributed to Michel de Narrative – form of a story Montaigne Speculative – hypothesis; educated guess; a reasonable b. Definition probability not proven or tested A composition prose in form Biographical – life of an individual Explains an idea, theory, or as subject impression Didactic – serious and formal; Purpose: share an opinion, insight, teaches a moral lesson; ethical experience, or observation way of life Descriptive – how something c. Building Blocks looks like; provides animation, Form and Structure – clarity, and reality arrangement of ideas (cohesion), unity, coherence, and patterns of development Content and Theme – point of the essay, purpose and intentions of writer Language and Style – what makes the essay literary in terms Lesson 7: Contextual Literary Reading of tone (author), mood (reader), Approaches diction (writer’s use of words), and literary device used a. Types d. General Types Biographical – factors that affect Formal – intellectual topics the author’s life and how they - Tone is serious  shape and influence text being environment, or moral criticized perceptions - Factors to consider: o Social, political, and economic conditions o Education background o Religion o Ethnicity o Literary background Sociocultural – how a literary work depicts society - Best used in unveiling societal issues reflected within text - Different sociocultural perspectives: o Marxism – class struggle and materialism; social classes; oppression, social conflicts, and solutions o Feminism – roles of women; empowered or discriminated against o Queer Theory – concerned with queer or 3rd gender o Historicism – history that influenced the writing of the literature o Post-Colonialism – changes in attitude of post colonies after colonial period o New-Historicism – on history and how it happened and how it affects the writing of a piece of literature Linguistic – language used and how is it used to convey meaning - Analyzes grammar, syntax (arrangement of words in a sentence), diction, figurative language, use, mood and tone, structure, and content - Different linguistic perspectives: o Formalism – examining forma and structure of text itself o Structuralism – reader’s understanding of the text; involves personal belief,