21st Century Literature From The Philippines And The World (Lesson 2) PDF

Subject: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Authors: Mr. Victor T. Reyes, Ms. Zyrra M. Alcantara & Ms. Shaira Ilagan Editors: Mrs. Crista E. Macale and Mr. Jaycie B. Robles Reviewer: Mr. Elmar A....

Subject: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Authors: Mr. Victor T. Reyes, Ms. Zyrra M. Alcantara & Ms. Shaira Ilagan Editors: Mrs. Crista E. Macale and Mr. Jaycie B. Robles Reviewer: Mr. Elmar A. Cundangan LESSON 2: THE JOURNEY OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE Description of the Lesson Like any other things that have evolved and transformed into something great and beautiful, the Philippine Literature went through metamorphic processes before it bloomed radiantly over the long period in our history. Would you like to have a conceptual gallery walk on literary history of our country? Come and join me on this exciting tour. Objectives (What I Need to Know) At the end of the lesson, you are expected to: 1. name the major literary periods in the Philippines; 2. appreciate the journey of Philippine Literature; and 3. write a short poem that poster nationalism. Day 1 Pre-assessment (What I know) Direction: Our parents will always tell us stories of how the things around us begun. Technically, these stories are called legends. Now, I want you to try to sketch the most unforgettable legend your parents told you. You do not have to describe your sketch. Wonderful! That was quite a masterpiece. The next part of our module will be a great time to learn about our literary heritage as Filipino citizens. Let us take pride in our literature. Happy Learning! Lesson Content (What’s New) I. The Pre-Colonial Literature The Philippine Literature like most of the known literatures in the world, it emanated from oral tradition. The oral tradition is the cultural practice of tribal and clannish people in passing down their stories, practices and rituals. They are told by their elders, priestess and shamans to the younger generations. Page 1 of 5 The ancient literature of our country was burned and destroyed by our Spanish colonizers because they believed that they were works dedicated for the devil. Our forefathers worshipped the things around them like the sun, moon, mountains, rivers and even trees. Although there were already artifacts that revealed of our ancient literature, they were found in materials that easily perished like the barks of trees, dried leaves and bamboo cylinders. The Spanish colonizers found out that the Filipinos even then were very fond of poetry, songs, stories riddles and proverbs. All these fondness still exist even in the 21st Century we live in. Our passion for Balagtasan now turned into Spoken Word Poetry. Our hopeless romantic Kundiman songs now become the OPM songs sung by contemporary artists like Ben and Ben, Moira, The Juans and even other local artists. That fondness just takes another form to fit in to the demands and needs of the times. Thus, it proves true that our literary heritage is deeply running through our veins from forefathers and even to the forthcoming generations of Filipinos. The prevailing Pre-Spanish Literature then were legends, folktales, epics, epigrams, riddles, chants maxims, proverbs, sayings and folk songs. II. The Spanish Colonial Literature Over the three hundred years of Spanish colonization in our soil, they have greatly influenced us in our literary heritage. The Spanish language has also penetrated our language and has contributed to our culture massively. We have adapted the Roman Alphabet and we were forced not to use our own writing system. The Doctrine of Christianity dominated our literature specifically on religious practices. The European legends and tradition became part of the Filipino writing tradition. The literary works that were widely published back then were: Ang Doctrina Cristiana, Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre, Ang Barlaan at Josephat, Mahal na Pasyon, Urbana at Felisa, Mga Dalit Kay Maria, Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala., Compendio de la Lengua Tagala, Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala, Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga, Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya, Arte de la Lengua Ilokana, Arte de la Lengua Bicolana. During this particular time the folk songs also flourished and bloomed, familiar folk songs that were created during those times were: Leron-Leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi and Atin Cu Pung Singsing. Recreational plays which were written in poetic forms were also developed. They greatly contributed to the religious traditional practices we still have today. The plays that that were written back then were: Tibag, Lagaylay, Cenaculo, Panunuluyan, Salubong, Carillo, Zarzueka, Sainete, Moro-moro, Karagatan, Duplo, Balagtasan, Dung-aw, Awit and Corrido. III. The Period of Enlightenment The execution through guillotine of Filipino Priests, Gomez, Burgos and Zamora paved the way for the Filipino spirit awakened after the 300 years of Spanish colonization in our land. The once piousness of the Filipinos metamorphosed into nationalism which later led to raising demands from the Spanish crown. The demands were denied and resulted to rebellion. The greatest of Filipino people were born during this significant period. One of the significant movements was of the Propagandists which were composed of intellectual middle-class such as Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno. Back then, the glorious Filipino spirit were reflected in our very own literature. This period gave birth to Filipino masterpieces such as: 1. Noli Me Tangere, Jose Rizal 2. El Filibusterismo, Jose Rizal 3. Mi Ultimo Adios, Jose Rizal 4. Dasalan at Tocsohan, Marcelo H. Del Pilar 5. Kaiingat Kayo, Marcelo H. Del Pilar 6. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa, Andres Bonifacio 7. Fray Botod, Graciano Lopez Jaena IV. The American Regime When the Philippines were finally freed from the Spaniards yet another major literary period was born— The American Regime. In the early years of the American occupation, Filipino writers explored on varied literary genres such as news, reporting, poetry, short stories, plays, essays, and novels. This particular Page 2 of 5 period gave rise to Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Jesus Balmori, Manuel Bernabe, Claro M. Recto, Adelina Guerrea, Isidro Marpori, Macario Adriatico, Epifanio de Los Santos Pedro Aunario. Filipino have also developed a keen sense of craftsmanship in short story writing which were initially published in newspapers columns. Writers Lope K. Santos, Patricio Mariano, and Rosauro Almario, Deogracias Rosario, Teodoro Gener, and Cirio H. Panganiban. During the advent of the American period, Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan started the movement against the moromoro (a play on the Spanish struggles against the Muslims) and struggled to show the people the values one can get from the zarzuela and the simple plays. Almost all Tagalog writers during the American Period were able to compose beautiful poems which made it difficult to select the best. Even if poetry writing is as old as history, poetry still surfaces with its sweetness, beauty, and melody. The noted essayists of this time were: Carlos P. Romulo, Jorge C. Bocobo, Mauro Mendez, and Vicente Hilario. Their essays were truly scholarly characterized by sobriety, substance and structure. They excelled in the serious essay, especially the editorial type. The next group of writers introduced the informal essay, criticism and the journalistic column. They spiced their work with humor, wit and satire. These group included Ignacio Manlapaz, Godefredo Rivera, Federico Mangahas, Francisco B. Icasiano, Salvador P. Lopez, Jose Lansang and Amando G. Dayrit. From having achieved mastery of literary writing both in Filipino and Spanish languages, the Filipino writers developed our literature which were written in English language at this time. The short story, Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez written in the early 1920’s stand out as a model of perfection in character delineation, local color, plot and message. By the period of 1925-1941, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing. They now confidently and competently wrote on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites of love and youth persisted. They went into all forms of writing like the novel and the drama. This period and the English Language liberated our writers to become more expressive and creative on their crafts. There were still remnants of Spanish influence in the use of expressions that were florid, sentimental, exaggerated and pompous. The influence of the Western culture also was very evident in our writing tradition. V. The Japanese Occupation After half a century of the American colonization, the Japanese people invaded our territory and our literature is not exempted on that. Our writings had been greatly suppressed. Publications were closed but it did not stop the Filipino writers to do what they are really good which resisting using their pen and ink. The literary venture was also pushed through because it is the bread and butter of the writers. Carlos P. Romulo’s noteworthy literary piece, “I Saw the fall of the Philippines” was written and celebrated during that time. Haiku and Tanaga poetic styles were also introduced to us during that period. VI. The Post-Colonial Literature The Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and guerillas who fled to the mountain joined the liberating American Army. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained its freedom and the Filipino flag waved joyously alone. The chains were broken. The Filipinos were free to write again. This time, our writers were crafting pieces more independently. Philippine literature in Tagalog was revived during this period. Most themes in the writings dealt with Japanese brutalities, of the poverty of life under the Japanese government and the brave guerilla exploits. Newspapers and magazine publications were reopened like the Bulaklak, Liwayway, Ilang Ilang and Sinag Tala. Tagalog poetry acquired not only rhyme but substance and meaning. Short stories had better characters and events based on facts and realities and themes were more meaningful. Novels became common but were still read by the people for recreation. The people’s love for listening to poetic jousts increased more than before and people started to flock to places to hear poetic debates. Page 3 of 5 VII. Period of Activism The youth became completely rebellious during this period. This was proven not only in the bloody demonstrations and in the sidewalk expressions but also in literature. Campus newspapers showed rebellious emotions. The once aristocratic writers developed awareness for society. They held pens and wrote on placards in red paint the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!). They attacked the ills of society and politics. Any establishment became the symbol of the ills that had to be changed. The frustrations of youth could be felt in churches and school. Even the priests, teachers and parents, as authorities who should be respected became targets of the radical youth and were thought of as hindrances to the changes they sought. The literature of the activists reached a point where they stated boldly what should be done to effect these changes. Some of those who rallied to this revolutionary form of literature were Rolando Tinio, Rogelio Mangahas, Efren Abueg, Rio Alma, and Clemente Bautista. VIII. Period of the New Society Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the development or progress of the country – like the Green Revolution, family planning, proper nutrition, environment, drug addiction and pollution. The government took part in reviving old plays like the Cenaculo, the Zarzuela and the Embayoka of the Muslims. The Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Folk Arts Theater and even the old Metropolitan Theater were rebuilt in order to have a place for these plays. Singing both Filipino and English songs received fresh incentives. Those sent abroad promoted many Filipino songs. Themes of most poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs and the beauties of nature and surroundings. Those who wrote poetry during this period were: Ponciano Pineda, Aniceto Silvestre, Jose Garcia Revelo, Bienvenido Ramos, Vicente Dimasalang, Cir Lopez Francisco, and Pelagio Sulit Cruz. Many more composers added their bit during this period. Among them were Freddie Aguilar, Jose Marie Chan and the group Tito, Vic and Joey. The song Anak of Freddie Aguilar became an instant success because of the spirit and emotions revealed in the song. There were even translations in Japanese and in other languages. The Mindanao State University presented a play Sining Embayoka at the Cultural Center of the Philippines. In 1977, the Tales of Manuvu, a new style of rock of the ballet opera was also added to these presentations. This was performed by Celeste Legaspi, Lea Navarro, Hadji Alejandro, Boy Camara, Anthony Castello, Rey Dizon and choreographed by Alic Reyes. Even the President’s daughter at the time participated as a performing artist in the principal role of Santa Juana of Koral and in The Diary of Anne Frank. Awesome! We will stop here for a while! We shall continue our conceptual gallery walk on our next module. Happy Reading! Day 2 Review “Vocabulary Development” Direction: Reread our previous lesson and outline the literary periods on a tabulated form. Highlight the characteristics of the period. Write your answer in an intermediate paper. Literary Period Themes and Characteristics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Page 4 of 5 Day 3 Incredible job! Read your previous lesson yesterday so you can have a profound knowledge about the Journey of Philippine Literature. Now let us proceed with our activity to strengthen your learning. If you have any question, feel free to reach out to your subject teacher so he/she assist you in your learning journey. Practice (What is it) Comprehension Check: Answer the following question in three to five sentences on one whole sheet of intermediate paper. 1. What is Oral Tradition? 2. What were the artifacts that proved that we have ancient literature? 3. What was the dominating theme of writing during the Spanish Colonization? 4. What was the contribution of GomBurZa in the awakening of Nationalism? Impressive work! I am sure you have given your best in our previous activity. Now let us use your creativity in generating positive vibes. Let’s get started with your next activity. Day 4 Application (What Can I do) Direction: In the journey of Philippine Literature, a metamorphic process was shown that from oral tradition, it has become extraordinarily peculiar and great. Now, let us capitalize on that thought. Answer this question on whole sheet of intermediate paper. Express yourself creatively in an essay. What has been the greatest transformation that happened in your life? That was really impressive! I am sure that you done it whoheartedly! Day 5 Valuing/Integration (What’s More?) Direction: Answer this question in one paragraph using three to five sentences on one whole sheet of intermediate paper, “Which literary period has been instrumental to create our Filipino writing identity?” Post-Assessment (What I have learned?) Direction: We have learned that our forefathers used indigenous materials in writing their literary masterpieces, using your available materials at home, I want you to craft/write your own poetic verse which can be composed of only two lines. Congratulations! You are definitely showing growth in your learning journey. I am very proud you! REMINDERS: Things to remember as you accomplish this module: 1. Keep the following materials and put it in your portfolio: - Papers used in note taking and activities 2. If you have questions, clarifications and suggestions regarding this lesson, you may consult your teacher through a text message or chat to help you understand the lesson. Page 5 of 5