2021 Medical Terminology Lecture Notes PDF

Prof. Dr. Hana Thunayan AlMajed-Applied Medical Sciences Department- College of health Sciences Medical Terminology Lecture Notes Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Hana Thunayan Al-Majed Applied Medical Sciences Department College of Health Sciences Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Med...

Prof. Dr. Hana Thunayan AlMajed-Applied Medical Sciences Department- College of health Sciences Medical Terminology Lecture Notes Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Hana Thunayan Al-Majed Applied Medical Sciences Department College of Health Sciences Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences Unit 1 What is Medical Terminology? Medical terminology is the study of words that belong to body systems, anatomy medical procedures and diagnosis, and a variety of diseases. It helps as a tool of communication for the health service groups by providing a series of medical vocabulary. Why studying Medical language? Learning the medical terms helps you as a member of health care team to understand and communicate with other staff members. Whether a nurse, dental care specialist or a medical recorder you are demanded to convert the layman terms into medical terms. Generally, in order for health care teams to function properly in all these areas, there is a need for individual who are aware of the medical terminology. How to learn medical terms? Studying medical terminology is similar to learning a new language because the origin of these words are mainly Latin. The words at first might sound difficult and strange but as you learn how to analyze and divide these terms into parts, it will be easier and more understandable. Word Analysis To learn the medical language, you must understand how to divide words into their components parts. The Medical Term has 3 main component parts. These parts are the following 1. Word root 2. Suffix 3. Prefix 2 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences 1. Word root It is the basic of the word All medical terms have ONE or MORE roots It is the foundation of the medical term where the suffix and prefix are attached. 2. Suffix It is the word ending, found at the end of the term and joined to the word root by a vowel 3. Combining Vowel It is not a word but a letter usually O which links the root to the suffix or the root to another root Example ( 1 ) HEMATOLOGY What to do? 1. Divide the term into its component parts by using slashes ( / ) HEMAT / O / LOGY root combining vowel suffix In pervious example The root - Hemat means blood The suffix – Logy means study of The combining vowel O has no meaning, it only joins one part of the term to another To read the meaning of a medical term it is useful to start from the suffix back to the beginning of the term. Thus, the term hematology means Study of blood. 3 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences Example ( 2 ) THERMOMETER What to do? 2. Divide the term into its component parts by using slashes ( i.e / ) THERM / O / METER root Combining Vowel Suffix The root - therm means temperature The suffix - meter means instrument to measure Thermometer, read from the end of term (suffix) to the beginning, means Instrument to measure temperature Example ( 3 ) CARDIOLOGY CARDI / O / LOGY root Combining vowel suffix The root - cardi means heart The suffix - logy means study of The word cardiology , reading from the end of the term (suffix) to the beginning, means Study of heart 4 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences Now look at these examples Example A ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTR / O / CARDI / O / GRAM root root Suffix Combining Vowel The root - electr means electricity The root - cardi means heart The suffix – gram means record The entire word means Record of the electricity in the heart Notice that there are two combining vowels in this term They link the two roots (electr and cardi) and the root (cardi) and suffix (gram) Example B GASTROENTEROLOGY GASTR / O / ENTER / O / LOGY root root Suffix Combining Vowel The root – gastr means stomach The root – enter means intestine The suffix – logy means study of The entire terms means Study of stomach and intestine The combining vowel links two roots gastr and enter also the root enter and the suffix –logy. 5 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences Example C COLONOSCOPY COLON / O / SCOPY root Combining Suffix Vowel The root – colon means colon The suffix – scopy means visual examination The entire word means Visual examination of the colon. The combing vowel is not deleted because the suffix begins with a constant Example D GASTRITIS GASTR / ITIS root suffix The root – gastr means stomach The suffix – itis means inflammation The entire word means Inflammation of the stomach Notice that the combining vowel – O – is not found This is because that the suffix – itis – begins with a vowel 6 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences REMEMBER THESE RULES FOR THE COMBING VOWEL 1. Keep the combining vowel between two roots – electrocardiogram 2. Keep the combining vowel between the word root and the suffix beginning with a constant: colonoscopy 3. Delete the combing vowel before a suffix beginning with a vowel : gastritis and not gastroitis 4. Combining Form It is the word root plus the combining vowel Examples HEMAT / O means : blood Root + Combining vowel = Combining form GASTR / O means : stomach Root + Combining Vowel = Combining form The meaning of a combining form is used to make out the meaning of a term 7 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences 5. Prefix It is a small part that is linked to the beginning of a medical term It could be a letter or a word It is used to change the meaning of a word Example SUBLINGUAL SUB / LINGU / AL Prefix root suffix The prefix – sub means below, under The root – lingu means tongue The suffix – a means pertains to or belong to The entire word means Under the tongue In Summary, the major component parts of medical terms are: 1. Root : Basic or origin of the medical term 2. Suffix : Word ending 3. Prefix : Word beginning 4. Combining vowel : vowel (usually O) that joins the root to the suffix or the root to another root 5. Combining form : the root plus the combining vowel. 8 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences Combining forms Combining forms are the word roots plus the combining vowels. Examples of combining forms commonly used in medical field. Combining form Meaning Abdomin / O Abdomen Angi / O Vessel Arteri / O Artery Carcin / O Cancer Cardi / O Heart Cephal / O Head Encephal / O Brain Hepat / O Liver Hydr / O Water Mamm / O Breast Mast / O Breast Muc / O Mucus My / O Muscle Nephr / O Kidney Neur / O Nerve Ophthalm / O Eye Path / O Disease Phleb / O Blood vessel usually vein Pulmon / O Lung Ven / O Vein 9 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences Suffixes EXAMPLES OF SUFFIXES BEGINNING WITH CONSONANTS COMBINING FORM + Suffix = Medical Term Root + o phleb (vein) + o + tomy (incision) = phlebotomy ----------- colon (colon) + o + scopy (visual examination) = colonoscopy----------- EXAMPLES OF SUFFIXES BEGINNING WITH VOWELS Root + Suffix = Medical Term gastr (stomach) + itis (inflammation) = gastritis----------------- cephal (head) + algia (pain) = cephalalgia------------- mast (breast) + ectomy (excision) = mastectomy------------ 10 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences EXAMPLES OF NOUN SUFFIXES Suffix Meaning Example Meaning algia pain in otalgia______________________________ cele hernia in rectocele____________________________ centesis surgical puncture thoracocentesis_______________________ to remove fluid for analysis amniocentesis________________________ abdominocentesis_____________________ cyte cell erythrocyte__________________________ leukocyte___________________________ thrombocyte_________________________ coccus round streptococcus________________________ (plural: cocci) (plural: bacteria) staphylococcus_______________________ dynia pain mastodynia__________________________ ectomy excision mastectomy________________________ emia a blood anemia_____________________________ condition gram record electroencephalogram__________________ mammogram_________________________ itis inflammation of bronchitis___________________________ tonsillitis____________________________ logy study of ophthalmology_______________________ lysis breakdown of hemolysis___________________________ malacia softening osteomalacia_________________________ megaly enlargement hepatomegaly________________________ 11 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences splenomegaly________________________ Suffix Meaning Example Meaning oma tumor in myoma_____________________________ this is a benign tumor myosarcoma_________________________ this is a malignant tumor opsy to view biopsy______________________________ pathy disease condition cardiomyopathy_______________________ penia deficiency erythropenia_________________________ leukopenia__________________________ thrombocytopenia____________________ phobia fear hydrophobia_________________________ Fear of water acrophobia__________________________ Fear of heights plasty surgical repair of rhinoplasty__________________________ sclerosis hardening arteriosclerosis_______________________ scopy visual colonoscopy_________________________ examination stomy opening colonostomy_________________________ tracheostomy_________________________ therapy treatment hydrotherapy_________________________ radiotherapy_________________________ chemotherapy________________________ tomy incision of phlebotomy_________________________ 12 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences The following are shorter suffixes that are usually attached to roots in words. Suffix meaning example meaning -er one who radiographer_________________________ -ia condition leukemia____________________________ -ist specialist nephrologist_________________________ -ole little, small arteriole_____________________________ -ule little, small venule______________________________ PLURAL ENDINGS The rules for forming plural words from singular words are listed below: SINGULAR PLURAL EXAMPLE FORM FORM RULE Singular Plural a ae Retain the a and add e pleura pleurae ax aces Drop the x and add ces thorax thoraces en ina Drop en and add ina lumen lumina is es Drop the is and add es diagnosis diagnoses ix ices Drop ix or ex and add ices appendix appendices ex “ “ on a Drop on and add a ganglion ganglia um a Drop um and add a bacterium bacteria us i Drop us and add I bronchus bronchi y ies Drop y and add ies deformity deformities ma mata Retain the ma and add ta carcinoma carcinomata 13 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences PREFIXES PREFIXES OF DIRECTION PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE ab- away from ab/norm/ al __________________ regular pertaining to peri- around peri/oste/ um __________________ bone pertaining to ec- out from ec/top/ ia __________________ place dia- through, across dia/rrhea __________________ flow ecto- outside ecto/derm __________________ skin endo- in,inside endo/cardium __________________ heart ultra- beyond, excess ultra/son/ ic sound adjective ending PREFIXES OF POSITION PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE pre Before pre/nat al _________________ birth pre/operation _________________ operation dors back dors/ al _________________ hypo- under hypo/derm _________________ skin 14 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences sub- under sub/lingu/ al _________________ tongue mes/o- middle mes/o/derm _________________ skin post- after post/operation _________________ operation post/nat al _________________ birth dextr/o- right of dextr/o/cardia _________________ heart sinistro- left of sinister/o/cardia_________________ heart PREFIXES OF COLOR PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE leuko white leuk/emia _________________ blood cirrh/o- yellow cirrh/osis _________________ abnormal condition (of) melan/o- black melan/oma _________________ tumor erythr/o- red erythrocyte _________________ cell PREFIXES OF NUMBER AND MEASUREMENT PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE primi- first primi/para _________________ to bear (offspring) uni- one uni/para _________________ 15 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences to bear (offspring) bi- bi/later/al _________________ two side di- diplo- double dipl/opia _________________ vision hemi half, hemi/plegia _________________ partial paralysis semi- semi/circular _________________ circle hyper- increase hypertension _________________ multi- multi/para _________________ many to bear (offspring) poly- poly/phob/ia _________________ fear tri- three tri/angul/ar _________________ angle quadri- four quadri/plegia _________________ paralysis macro- large macro/cephaly_________________ head micro- small micro/gastria _________________ stomach PREFIXES OF NEGATION PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE a- without a/mast/ia _________________ breast an- without an/esthes/ia _________________ sensation 16 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences ar- irregular ar/rhythm/ia _________________ rhythm MISCELLANEOUS PREFIXES PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE anti- anti/bacteri/al _________________ against bacteria contra- contra/caption _________________ conceiving dys- difficult bad, dys/peps/ia _________________ digestion heter/o- different hetero/sex/ual _________________ homo- same homo/sex/ual _________________ mal- poor mal/nutrition _________________ food substances pan- all pan/hyster/ectomy _________________ uterus excision scler/o- hard sclera/o/derma _________________ skin tachy- rapid tachy/ card/ia _________________ heart brady- slow brady/card/ia heart _________________ 17 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences THE BODY AS A WHOLE Prefix/Root MEANING EXAMPLE cyt/ o cell cyt/o/logy _________________ study of dors/ o back side dors/o/dynia _________________ pain hist/ o tissue hist/o/logy _________________ study of hyper- increase hyper/tension _________________ pressure hypo- decrease hypo/tension _________________ pressure hypo/derm _________________ skin supra- above supra/ren/al _________________ kidney ventr/ o belly ventr/al_________________ belly side viscer/ o organ viscer/al _________________ 18 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences UNIT TWO STRUCTUAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY: CELLS The cell is a fundamental unit of every living thing (animal or plant). Cells are everywhere in the human body,every tissue, every organ is made up of these individual units. All cells are similar in that they contain a gelatinous substance composed of water, protein, sugar, acids, fats and various minerals. The cell contains: 1. Cell membrane: A very thin membrane formed of proteins and lipids. It is freely permeable to water and gases but selectively permeable to other substances. The functions of the cell membrane are that it protects the cell and it also keeps the composition of the cell constant 2. Nucleus: Spherical shape. It contains chromosomes and surrounded by nuclear membrane. The functions of the nucleus are it stores inherited information on the chromosomes, it controls all vital activities of the cell and it also controls cell division and reproduction. 3. Cytoplasm: contains many organelles: mitochondria, Golgi apparatus … TISSUES A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to do a specific job. 1. Epithelial tissue: this is located all over the body as lining for internal organs, in exocrine and endocrine glands, and as the outer surface of skin covering the body. 2. Muscle tissue: this is a voluntary muscle, which is found in the arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is voluntary. The term voluntary refers to a conscious control and movement of a muscle. 3. Connective tissue: These are tissues which are attached to areas. Such as fat, cartilage, bone and blood. 4. Nerve tissue: This conducts nervous impulses all over the body. ORGANS An organ is a group of tissues working together to do a specific job. Examples are: 1. Heart 2. Stomach 3. Liver 4. Lung SYSTEMS A system is a group of organs that work together to do a specific job. Examples are: 1. Respiratory system 2. Digestive system 3. Urinary system 19 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences THE SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ( CVS ) 20 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences The structure of the Heart 21 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences The structure of the Heart. Taken from dr. Al-Safar notes 22 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences THE BLOOD The blood or hem is composed of: Plasma : The fluid in which the blood cells are suspended Blood cells: The blood cells are of three types ▪ Red blood cells RBCs ▪ White blood cells WBCs ▪ Platelets PATHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD Anemia : decreased number of RBCs ( < 5 million / mm3) Poly – cythaemia : increased number of RBCs ( > 5 million / mm3) Leuco – penia : decreased number of WBCs ( < 4,000 / mm3) Leukemia : Excessive increase in WBCs ( > 20,000 / mm3) Thrombocytopenia : decrease number of platelets ( < 250,000 / mm3) Myeloma : Malignant tumor of bone marrow 23 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM WORD ROOTS/COMBINING FORMS RELATED TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ROOT/ MEANING EXAMPLE COMBINING FORM angio/o angi/o/pathy _________________ vessel disease condition vas/o vas/o/spasm _________________ twitching aort/o aorta aort/o/stenosis _________________ narrowing arteriol/o small artery arteriol/it is _________________ inflammation cardi/o heart cardi/o/megaly _________________ enlargement phleb/o vein phleb/it is __________________ inflammation sphygm/o pulse sphygm/o/mano/meter____________ pulse instrument to measure PATHOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM A. HEART 1. Arrythmias Abnormal heart rhythms 2. Congenital heart disease These are abnormalities in the heart at birth 24 Prof. Dr. Hana AlMajed. Applied Medical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences 3. Heart tissue Endocarditis : An inflammation of the inner lining of the heart Myocarditis : An inflammation of the middle (muscular) layer of the heart Pericarditis : An inflammation of the pericardium surrounding the heart 4. Coronary artery disease These are diseases of the arteries surrounding the heart and supporting the heart muscles with the blood Examples are: arteriosclerosis: hardening of the arteries angina pectoris: Cardiac pain due to decrease coronary artery supply 5. Heart rate and sound Examples are: Tachycardia : rapid heart rate Brady cardia : slow heart rate 6. Others Examples are: Cardiac arrest : heart stops functioning Cardiac failure : heart fails to pump blood of normal amount Hypertension : increased blood pressure ( > 160/90) Hypotension : decreased blood pressure (