Medical Terminology Exam 3 Review 11/27/24 PDF

**[Intro to Medical Terminology -- Exam 3 Review RT 101 A (11/27/24)]** - 4 Word Parts - Word Roots - Prefixes - Suffixes - Combining Vowels **[Word Root]** -- main body of a word - Positioning in the middle of the word - **Subject** -- pertains to a body part or system **Exam...

**[Intro to Medical Terminology -- Exam 3 Review RT 101 A (11/27/24)]** - 4 Word Parts - Word Roots - Prefixes - Suffixes - Combining Vowels **[Word Root]** -- main body of a word - Positioning in the middle of the word - **Subject** -- pertains to a body part or system **Example:** Ab/ norm / al Abnormal = away from a normal state The *word root* is **norm** because it carries the word's primary meaning - *Prefix* is ab -- (away from) - *Suffix* is al -- (pertaining to) Bi / later / al Bilateral = pertaining to two sides The *word root* l**ater**, which means side, is the root because it contains the primary meaning - Prefix = bi -- (two) - Suffix = -al (pertaining to) Intra / ven / ous Intra = within; into Ven = vein ous = pertaining to **Name the root word:** - Hypertension: - **Hyper** (above, excessive) -- **tension (**pressure) - Osteopathy: - **Oste/o** (bone) -- **pathy** (disease) - Cardiac: - **Cardi/o** (heart) -**ac** (pertaining to) - Nephrectomy: - **Nephr** (kidney) **-ectomy** (excision) - Pathology: - **Path/o** (disease) -**logy** (study of) - Radiography - **Radi/o** (radiation) -- **graphy** (process of recording) **Combining two root words with a suffix** -oma + chol + angio = choloangioma (Tumor) + (bile, gall) + (vessel) = (a tumor of the bile duct) **Prefix** -- placed at the ***beginning*** of a word to modify it's meaning - Descriptive **Ex:** - A -- (Prefix) = without - Febrile (root word) = fever - Afebrile = without a fever (no fever) **What is the Prefix?** - Hypertension - Hyper -- (above, excessive) - Bifocal - Bi- (two) foc (vision) -- al (pertaining to) - Endocarditis - Endo (in; within) cardi (heart) -- itis (inflammation) - Subdermal - Sub (under; below) derm/o (skin) -- al (pertaining to) **Suffix** -- (word ending) attached to the **[end]** of a word or word root to [modify] its meaning **Ex:** - Erythr/o (root word) = red - -cyte (suffix) = cell - Erythrocyte = Red blood cell **What is the Suffix?** - Arthroscopy - -scopy (visual examination) Visual examination of a joint - Endocarditis - -itis (inflammation) Inflammation in the heart - Osteopathy - Pathy (disease) Bone disease - Hepatic - ic (pertaining to) Pertaining to the liver - Pathologist - logist (specialist) Disease specialist - Endoscope - Scope (instrument for visual examination) A procedure to examine the inside of the body - Enterostenosis - Stenosis (stricture or narrowing) Narrowing of intestines A **vowel**, called a [combining vowel], is often inserted between word roots to make the words easier to pronounce - Ex: Cardi/o, Gastr/o, Oste/o **Exceptions to the rule:** - Chol/e = bile, gal - Lith/o = stone - -iasis = state of; process of - Lithiasis = presence of stone - Chole lith iasis = presence of gallstones **Vowels are used before suffixes that begin with a consonant and before another root word** - Drop the combining vowel if the suffix also begins with a vowel - Ex: Hepat/o -- itis = hepatitis - Aden/o -ectomy = Adenectomy - Keep the combining vowel between word roots, even if the root word beings with a vowel - Preoperative, periappendictis, periarticular **Read the meaning of the medical words from the suffix to the beginning of the word and then across.** Start with the suffix at the end of the term. - **Ex: -GRAM (a record).** Now look at the beginning of the term - **Ex: ELECTR -- (word root -- electricity) CARDI (2^nd^ root- heart)** - Electr/o/cardi/o/gram - Gastr(root -- stomach)/o/Enter (Root -- intestine)/o/logy (suffix -- study of) - SUB (prefix -- below)/gastr (root word -- stomach)/ic (suffix -- pertaining to) - "pertaining to below the stomach" **Be careful with these!** - **-ist** (one who) vs. **-iatry** (medical profession or treatment) - **-logy** (study of) vs. **-logist** (one who studies; specialist) - **Ne/o** (new) vs**. neur/o** (nerve) **Radiography** - **Prefix:** - **Root word** - **Suffix** **Radiology** - **Prefix:** - **Root Word:** - **Suffix:** **Plural Forms** - Words ending in **a**, retain the **a** and add **e**: **Singular** **Plural** **Meaning** -------------- --------------- --------------------------- Vertebr**a** Vertebr**ae** Backbones Burs**a** Burs**ae** Sacs of fluid near a join - Words ending in **is,** drop the **is** and add **es:** **Singular** **Plural** **Meaning** --------------- --------------- --------------------------------------------------- Diagnos**is** Diagnos**es** Determination of the nature and cause of diseases Psychos**is** Psychos**es** Abnormal conditions of the mind - Words ending in **ex** and **ix,** drop the **ex and ix** and add **ices:** **Singular** **Plural** **Meaning** -------------- ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ap**ex** Ap**ices** Pointed ends of organs, lungs Cort**ex** Cort**ices** Outer parts of organs Var**ix** Vari**ces** Enlarged, swollen veins Append**ix** Append**ices** Tube-shaped sac attached to opening into the lower end of the large intestine - Words ending in **on**, drop the **on** and add **a**: **Singular** **Plural** **Meaning** -------------- ------------- ------------------------------------------------- Gangli**on** Gangli**a** Group of nerve cells; benign cysts near a joint - Words ending in **um**, drop the **um,** and add **a**: **Singular** **Plural** **Meaning** --------------- -------------- ------------------------------- Bacteri**um** Bacteri**a** Types of one celled organisms Ov**um** Ov**a** Egg cells - Words ending in **us**, drop the **us** and add **i**: **Singular** **Plural** **Meaning** -------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------------- Bronch**us** Bronch**i** Tubes leading from the windpipe to the lungs Calcul**us** Calcul**i** stones - Exception to the **us** rule: - Viruses - Sinuses - Words ending in **ax**, drop the **ax** and add **aces:** **Singular** **Plural** **Meaning** -------------- -------------- ------------- Thor**ax** Thor**aces** Chest - Words ending in **nx,** drop the **nx** and add **nges:** **Singular** **Plural** **Meaning** -------------- --------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Phala**nx** Phala**nges** Digits, fingers, toes Lary**nx** Laryn**ges** Organ that forms air passage to lungs, the voice box **Abbreviations:** BE Barium enema MI Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) BP Blood pressure NG nasogastric CXR chest x-ray NGT nasogastric tube C with CA cancer OG orogastric CHF Congestive Heart Failure PO by mouth cc cubic centimeter prn as needed CVA Cerebrovascular accident R/O rule out (Stroke) S without CNS Central Nervous System SOB short of breath Dx diagnosis STAT immediately (Latin statim) DOB Date of Birth TB tuberculosis ETT Endotracheal Tube Tx treatment Fx fracture UGI Upper Gastrointestinal series Hx History UTI Urinary tract infection IM intramuscular IV intravenous - **kVp** (kilovolt peak) -- highest energy of beam - **kEv** (kilo electron volt) -- energy of each photon - **mAs** (milliamp seconds) -- amount of radiation in the beam - **Photon** (quantum) -- bundle of energy -- x-ray beam made of billions of photons - **Radiation** -- energy in motion