School Segregation and Social Exclusion PDF

Social exclusion and segregation 02/10/2024  Definition of segregation Residential segregation refers generally to the spatial separation of two or more social groups within a specified geographic area, such as a municipality, a county, or a metropolitan area. Most commonly, scholarship on...

Social exclusion and segregation 02/10/2024  Definition of segregation Residential segregation refers generally to the spatial separation of two or more social groups within a specified geographic area, such as a municipality, a county, or a metropolitan area. Most commonly, scholarship on residential segregation explores the extent to which groups defined by racial, ethnic, or national origin live in different neighborhoods; however, groups can be residentially segregated on the basis of any ascribed or achieved characteristic (such as religion, family structure, or socioeconomic status) and at any level of geography (such as a residential block, a state or province, or a country region). Mumbai, India More than 50 years ago, Chicago scholars found that spatial distance grows with social distance Both high and low social categories appeared to be highly segregated Although social mix may occur this is limited to groups with a status that is not too far apart from each other. The tendency to move increases with the social distance between an individual and the social level of the neighbourhood she/he is living in  larger social distances imply a larger propensity to move and subsequently a larger chance to end up in a socially more similar neighbourhood NEW SOCIAL RISKS - labour market transformations - shrinking of social ties - retrenchment of welfare regime (social policies) WORKING POOR ARE PROLIFERATING SOCIAL EXCLUSION: the seriousness of these conditions of marginalization  exit from the society, a break in the social ties Society is progressively losing the CAPACITY OF INTEGRATION  new features: isolation, fracture. Fragmentation, niches of poverty  permanent exclusion How to measure segregation? DISSIMILARITY INDEX indicates the EVENESS of the distribution of people across neighbourhoods in a city or metropolitan area Index range: 0-100 Below 30 30-60 Over 60 Low levels of Moderate segregation Highly segregated segregation example  Ghetto, enclave and citadel - Marcuse GHETTO is a spatially concentrated area used to separate and to limit a particular involuntarilty defined population group (usually by race) held to be, and trated as inferior by the dominant society Outcast ghetto is a ghetto in which ethnicity is combined with class in a spatially concentrated area with residents who are excluded from the mainstream of economic life of the sourrounding society, which does nt profit significanlty from its existence ENCLAVE is a spatially concentrated area in which members of a particular population group, self-defined by ethnicity or religion, or otherwise, congregate as a means of enhancing their economic, social or political and/or cultural devlopment CITADEL is a spatially concentrated area in which members of a particular population group, defined by its position of superiority, in power, wealth or status, in relation to its neighbours, congregate as a means of protecting or enhancing that position  Wacquant: relations between power, territory and poverty Focus on the multilevel structural processes  institutional processes that produces and reproduces and trasform the network of positions to which its supposed members are are dispatched and attached. 3 THESIS: 1) Historic transition from ghetto to hyperghetto in the United States: pivotal role of state structure and policy in the reproduction of racialized marginality. HYPERGHETTO: - policies of urban abandonment (impoverishment, economic informalisation, institutional desertification) 2) American ghetto and french banliueu are not the same! Evolution of the working class territories 3) Territorial stigmatization: symbolic power (Bourdieu) and stigma (Goffman)  Stigma and stigmatization Stigma is a sociological concept that refers to a form of social discredit that affects individuals or groups due to characteristics perceived as deviant from dominant social norms (Goffman) Physical stigmas: Visible bodily defects or impairments, such as physical disabilities or malformations. Character stigmas: Attributes related to behaviors or traits perceived as morally reprehensible, such as drug addiction, mental illness, or criminality. Group stigmas: Attributes resulting from membership in stigmatized social or ethnic groups, such as racial, ethnic, or religious origin. Stigmatized individuals try to manage the impression they give to others through various strategies, such as: Dissimulation: Hiding one's stigmatized attribute if possible. Correction: Attempting to correct or minimize the discrediting attribute. Acceptance: Accepting and living openly with the stigma. In summary, for Goffman, stigma is a social process through which some individuals are branded as different and inferior, with significant consequences for their identity and social interactions. Territories can be also stygmatized Negative associations: An area is perceived as problematic or dangerous, often due to disadvantaged socio-economic conditions, crime or urban decay. This reputation can arise from the media, public policies or political discourse. Effects on inhabitants: The inhabitants of these places tend to be stigmatized simply because they belong to that territory, regardless of their personal characteristics. This can lead to discrimination in the job market, in the search for housing or in accessing services. Self-perception: Residents themselves can internalize this stigmatization, seeing their neighborhood as "inferior" and developing a sense of social exclusion or inequality compared to other more "respectable" areas. Social consequences: Territorial stigmatization can reinforce the marginalization of entire neighborhoods or areas, creating a vicious circle in which economic and social isolation perpetuates the condition of degradation and the negative perception of the place. RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION The concentration of ethnic, national-origin or socio-economic groups in particular neighbourhoods of a city or metropolitan area. EFFECTS OF RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION Limited residential choice Constrained economic and educational opportunities Concentrate poverty Contribute to social exclusion and alienation BUT segregation istelf does not signal the presence of an immense social crisis For example ethnic communities Familiar environment Networks Information Support Funding for self-employment PROTECTIVE EFFECTS especially for new comers