3C Geography Test 2 PDF

3C Geography test 2 ▪ Social exclusion/isolation – social/residential segregation (positive, negative segregation): define all terms, relevance of topics, reasons/causes, effects Relevance of topic: 1. Political and linguistic isolation… 2. Parallel societies ignorant o...

3C Geography test 2 ▪ Social exclusion/isolation – social/residential segregation (positive, negative segregation): define all terms, relevance of topics, reasons/causes, effects Relevance of topic: 1. Political and linguistic isolation… 2. Parallel societies ignorant of each other's problems - future decision makers do not change anything about the situation - perpetuation of poverty and risk of widening gap between rich and poor 3. Rising crime rates, violent protests of the "marginalized" groups without future perspectives Social exclusion: - Involuntary, forceful displacement/relegation of a group or individuals into a specific separated area (e.g Ghettos) → fringes of society o Derailing people from actively participating in society o Denied access to many resources of a community o External factors Causes: o Poverty → ▪ denied access to resources ▪ drags people from high society, o Bad Health → ▪ Physically ill → e.g. Mobility issues (can’t work, need to find other house health costs- cannot afford previous lifestyle etc.) ▪ Mental Health → unable to participate in community life, health care costs (clinics – often outskirts of places, away from society) o Discrimination → ▪ Based on Race, Gender, sexual orientation, culture, politics etc o Lack of necessities ▪ Not able to network ▪ Education ▪ Jobs ▪ Housing → Affected people: Often many of these magnets combine Effects: o Greater degree of ill health o Criminal rates go up → disenfranchised o Reduced rights o Reduced opportunities o Reduced resources o Social isolation? Social isolation : - When a group separates itself voluntarily from other parts of a city Reasons: o Culture o Religion o Security wishes (e.g. gated community – separation of rich and poor) Effects: o Intergroup relations are weekend ▪ lack of understanding between groups ▪ Stereotypes and prejudices pushed → social divide o Reduced social development ▪ Groups not working together just for their own benefit o Disparities in economic access ▪ Wealthier isolated communities (e.g Gated) → better access to high quality resources (e.g Healthcare, jobs, education) o Cultural preservation: ▪ Preserve their unique culture → maintaining tradition that might be threatened by outside influenced ▪ However, can also lead to a lack of diversity → limits perspectives o Etc. ➔ Segregation: - separation of a society (in space) - according to different socio-economic, religious or ethnic characteristics o positive → voluntary ▪ people see opportunity in living in the same neighbourhood (language, customs, economic advantage) o Negative → by force ▪ by law, ▪ e.g. Apartheid - S-Africa or USA in the past [ghettos]; by housing market: extreme ex.: slums; can be influenced by urban land-use planning - e.g. if and where social housing projects are located) Social segregation: - Separating specific groups of people in separate areas with different → (mostly inferior) sets of resources o ( → limited access to services and infrastructures) o people (→ based on "race"/ethnicity, religion, economic…) Reasons: o Law says so o Informal processes → hidden discrimination (e.g Housing prices) Effects: o Economic inequality → disparities in access to resources e.g services, schools  o Limited social mobility → poor educational system = limited job opportunities → less chance for advancement o Increased poverty → resources not evenly distributed → systematic disadvantages like healthcare, housing etc o Healthcare → areas with marginalized groups → lower life expectancy → lower quality healthcare o Social isolation → limited access between groups o Crimes → desperate people → dangerous lives → gangs’ violence o Cultural division, racial division → mistrust among population → lack of understanding for each other o Environmental degradation → poor people = less tax money → not maintaining public spaces = poorer environmental conditions e.g limited greenspace, unsanitary living conditions, air pollution o Political disenfranchisement → minority population = politically powerless →struggle to advocate for their needs → social injustice residential segregation: - Different population Groups of separate into different neighborhoods - Groups of people → race or income - Concept: where we live affects our chances in life ( → politics, health care, educational resources etc.) o Different forms/patterns of residential segregation 1. Spatial Concentration → clustering ▪ E.g cluster at the bottom of one group 2. Centralization → (segregation + clustering) ▪ Clustering in a central area (in the middle) - Causes: o Race o Religion o wealth - Measure segregation with index of dissimilarity o 100 – 0 o 0 = total segregation (→ communities total separate) o 100 = perfect distribution - Effect: o Communities that are segregated are politically weak → interest of neighborhoods might not overlap with others → politically vulnerable (not political influence/power for own interests, e.g. to keep their own schools, community centers open compared to other more communities who are more politically integrated) o Communities that are isolated → language change (linguistic isolation from other parts of a city) → difficult to obtain jobs in other neighborhoods → accents o Social divide → wealthy and unwealthy access to resources o Spatial mismatch → opportunities for low-income people in segregated neighborhoods, may be present but far away from where they actually live → opportunities harder to access → spatial or physical distance mismatch  ▪ Gated communities in context of urban segregation (reasons, effects - pos./neg) Gated communities: - Type of neighbourhood that has controlled access using gates that residents/visitors must pass through → surrounded by fences/walls and gates - Security → only residents/ people with permission can pass through → or automatic gate (key card) - Mainly luxurious lifestyle → in western industrialized countries - Reasons for existing: o Need for security → consequence of the strong and growing social disparities - Pro: o Safety → children → walk and play near streets o Reduces traffic accidents o Reduction of crime → vandalism, theft etc o Safe parks, sports facilities → community pool, tenis courts etc o Urban redevelopment → encourages residents that might would live in suburbs to be urban dwellers → tax money o Status symbol → high income residents → luxury homes o Impact local economy → tax boost to the municipalities - Cons: o Encourage economic inequality → physical barrier between rich and poor → home values outside the community can suffer o Targets of criminality → inside more valuable possessions → attracts crimes o Promote feeling of social paranoia → other parts of area unsafe → gated community is a must to protect residents o Enlarging the gap between rich and poor → people who could make a change are shielded form the problem of the wider communities → e.g politicians, planners etc o Isolation = ignorant → struggle of poorer population disregarded → lack of empathy → next generation raised in a safe bubble o Affordability → more expensive that homes outside ▪ Deindustrialized Cities - example Detroit: reasons/vicious circle of urban decline/blight - general and specific example Detroit, suburbanization/white or middle-class flight, counter-urbanisation, brownfield sites - opportunities and challenges, Rise of Detroit: - 1908 → ford automobile founded → henry ford - First automatic mass production of cars → invention of assembly line → birth hour of industrialisation in US - Industrialization = needed work force → job competitiveness - Location:  o iron ore and coal in South and west of great lake region (Indiana & Illinois)→ important for the industrial revolution o lakes → water ways connecting regional economic hubs → import and export o St. Lawrence river → trading route to Atlantic Ocean → European markets Fall of Detroit: - Great depression (1930s) o economic decline → reduction of car companies from 18 to 3 - Globalisation (1950/60s) o → company’s manufacturing units moved oversea to cheap-labour countries (Mexico as well) → huge manufacturing job losses Increased competition ▪ foreign car makers (Japan & Germany) → fuel efficient and reliable cars → American sales declined ▪ Automation and job losses advances in manufacturing decreased the need for labour → widespread job losses → less well-paying jobs = shrinking middle class → poverty and reducing consumer spreading ▪ Suburbanization and urban decline suburban living and “white flight” drained Detroit’s tax base and labour force → tax base shrank = lower funding for public services, infrastructure and schools → decline in living conditions → contribute to urban blight abandoned properties etx ▪ Oil crisis (1970s) fuel cost increased → highlighted the inefficiency of many US- made cars → hurting demand Detroit automakers focused on large, gas guzzling vehicles → no demand ▪ Mismanagement and market shift poor strategic decisions → focus on larger cars despite shifting preference for smaller fuel-efficient vehicles → Vulnerable to competition → financial losses and job cuts ➔ Vicious cycle → feedback loop o Decline in sales = job losses = reduction in purchasing power and tax revenues o Urban decline and blight = no investment in detroit o Middle- class families move to suburbs = drains workforce and tax base o Oil crisis, poor management, automation = less sales - Expansion of road network (1950s/60s) o Increasing middle class with car owner ship → white flight:  ▪ Middle-class took tax money and eventually services and commerce followed them → edge cities: ▪ Suburban sub- centres (with shopping malls, service centers and leisure facilities) → became competitors to the inner city (Centras business district (CBD) → now decaying inner city → poor areas develop in city centres - Racial tensions (1960s) o Violent race riots → because of inequalities, discrimination of racial minorities → by that time they were the majority in the inner-city population of Detroit o Businesses looted and destroyed o (1930s) Minorities migrated from Southern part of the US → to escape agriculture because of drought = farmers lost jobs white flight: - The large-scale migration of whites from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban areas. o the central urban areas usually remain inhabited by minority populations when white populations leave → impoverished areas in city center o reasons: 1960s/70s/80s → inner city decline because of economic re- constructing → globalization and de-industrialization → factory jobs to LIC o middle class → better living conditions → more space for car based lifestyle → relocation to suburban areas suburbanization: o Centrifugal movement towards edges of cities → causes urban sprawö o Since 50s/60s/70s o Conditions: ▪ car ownership ▪ road network, ▪ middle class growth o not sustainable ▪ huge land consumption → for homes ▪ infrastructure expansion → highly energy intensive to maintain deindustrialization: - The loss or deprivation of industrial capacity or strength. blight: - Anything that impedes growth or development or spoils any other aspect of life. Brownfield sites: - Areas of land that have ben previously used for industry (factory) but are now abandoned. - Today → re-used as re-development areas (re-urbanization) Companies left due to:  o Lack of profitability → outsourced by other companies, moved to LICs (cheaper labour and lower production cost) o Competition o Cheaper import o Rising rents and space scarcity o Outdated economic activity → technological advancement or change of consumer preference - challenges: o If left to decay: ▪ wasted space ▪ pollutants into surrounding ▪ unsightly → scare of tourists, families etc ▪ crime hotspot → occupied by gangs ▪ triggers further urban decline o expensive to clean of polluted industrial sites o often in the vicinity of still active towns ▪ other active industrial areas →emissions don’t attract residents ▪ Traffic jam ▪ Polluted soil etc o little space for new infrastructure → adapting to what’s already there ▪ high density ▪ high cost to keep historical heritage sites intact - Opportunities: o Urban re-development → space is free → avoids urban sprawl o Infrastructure already in place → e.g roads o Re-usage of grey energy ▪ Grey energy → energy that has gone into making cement and concrete → preserved in buildings, used again when renovating old buildings → better for environment (grey energy = high emissions) o Can be made into sustainability projects ▪ Greenspaces ▪ Community gardens etc ▪ Re-urbanization - define process, give reasons for it, Urban Farming in Detroit Re-urbanization: - People move back into the inner city where the population had previously declined in - Population growth and urban renewal → revitalization of urban decay o From cities to suburbs → since the 2000s o Centripetal movement? → towards centre o Changing lifestyles →postmodern → less rooted in traditional → more multifaceted society (individualistic) o Growing importance of soft traffic → sustainable/ safe infrastructure o Time is money → shorter commute →Career oriented → commute friendly Reasons:  - Economic opportunity → business investment → look for working force to become big again → job availability - Desire for urban living → younger generation → proximity to entertainment, cultural activities etc → lively social scene - Walkability → no need for cars → different to rural parts → proximity of activities - Gentrification → upgrading neighbourhoods making them more appealing - Rising house prices/ limited availability = back to urban centers - Sustainability → reduce of urban sprawl → promoting sustainable living by utlilising infrastructure and already existing places (brownfield sites) instead of undevekoped land - Social connectivity → cities = strong sense of community, social interaction → diverse social network - Urban farming in Detroit: - Urban farming → growing plants, vegetables or raising animals within a city o Today more than 1 mio people left it → many abandoned houses and government is struggling with the bills (tax) o However, its showing signs of a green renewal o Limited transport → half of city below the poverty line →access to affordable and healthy food = challenge o Malls outside of towns → need to drive → if not food from liquor stores, gas stations and scarce markets o Have places to eat → but not as healthy (fast food) o Therefore, started community gardens → technically illegal in Detroit o Step for independence/ self-sufficient ➔ Opportunities of urban farming in Detroit ▪ Re-purposing urban lots: transforming abandoned spaces in inner city→ productive farming areas ▪ Addressing food deserts: Provides fresh, healthy food → supermarkets relocated into suburbs = leaving primarily fast food/ gas station as food sources ▪ Improving food access: Low income residentials → without cars → make nutritious locally available ▪ Social Networking: Urban farming reduces social isolation → community ties (people work together) → sense of purpose and combating depression ▪ Economic opportunities: Create business prospects for unemployed → sell products like salad greens, potatoes, tomatoes, eggs, honey → on local market ▪ Sel-sufficiency: Encourages resilience and empowerment in communities→ hand to hand involvement in food production ▪ Community revitalization:  Rebuilds pride and functionality in neglected neighbourhoods dominated by poverty and systematic marginalization ▪ Gentrification : causes, 4 stages, example Detroit, Basel Gentrification → Describes the process where: ➔ Influx of middleclass “gentry” to displace working class residents o wealthier people migrate to a neighborhood → that has been typically populated by working class residents ( → historically disinvested neighborhoods) o They then attract new businesses/services → property value + rents rise o Result: ➔ change in economic and social make up of that neighborhood. ➔ By means of Real estate investment, higher income residents, education level or racial make-up ▪ Negative: people who used to live there can’t afford it anymore → leave to find affordable housing → risk of homlessness Existing community ties being broken (→ e.g. immigrants can’t afford to live near other members of their culture) → reduced sense of belonging Children → educational disruption through displacement Unique cultural vibrancy can be lost ▪ Positive: Investment in programs/services for the neighborhood → changes of land use Social groups mixing Revitalization - Characteristics: o it has a high proportion of renovated and newly constructed residential buildings. o The population consists largely of higher-income households. o The supply infrastructure is predominantly upscale (e.g., luxury goods stores, expensive restaurants, high-quality services, etc.). o The district is considered a "trendy neighborhood" in the city, where one has a "good address. - Causes: o Affordability → Rent gap → difference in the cost of the land in its current state, compared with its potential profitability if it was turned to other usage ▪ Current value is determined by features of neighborhood → e.g. housing standards, crime rates, green spaces, infrastructure ▪ Lower income neighborhoods → old industrial districts → poorly on above criteria = low property prices → even if centrally located ▪ First gentrifiers → young professionals → see opportunity by benefiting from lower rent in a good location → paves the way for higher income groups o Process started by government  ▪ If a former industrial area is transformed by the regional planning authorities → private investors → population (pp) are obliged to follow set of rules Consider 3 aspects: 1. Historic conditions → policy and practices that made a city susceptible to gentrification 2. Investment and policy decisions → patterns that are taking place today as a result of the conditions 3. How it Impacts communities ➔ White fight ➔ Redlining → people of color were denied access to loans that would enable them to buy/repair homes ➔ Urban renewal Stages of Gentrification: - Pre-stage: ➔ Economic decline and urban decay in former industrial areas. o De-industrializing former working class o Old industrial quarter in HIC → globalization = production shift to LICs o Brownfield sites → empty factory spaces o Cheap apartments o Signes of urban decay - Stage 1: o “Pioneers” (= young artists, entrepreneurs → started small boutique, bars, café of restaurants) → take advantage of cheap rents and empty shops/factories o Cultural hub → Place becomes “hip” → vibrant artistic atmosphere o Avant-garde or artistic environment - Stage 2 : o Investors see opportunity → first gentrifiers move in (DINKs) o Fist gentrifiers→ young professionals, typically more affluent o Mix → ▪ wealthy and local/poor population, ▪ local shops and fancy modern restaurants and boutiques o run-down apartments → renovated → luxury lofts, bigger flats - stage 3: o wealthy middle-class families move in o investment continues → government → infrastructure, parks, playground, schools, health etc  o start of the re-location of poorer local population → elderly, unemployed, foreigners - stage 4: o gentrification is completed → marginalized/poor groups are displaced benefits: - Beautification → restauration of a decaying and under-used (brownfield sites!) urban area - Higher tax income for urban governments → due to wealthier residents and come-back of profitable businesses → increase in GDP - Diversification of services and population groups → (demographic: younger, families, more local population, socio-economic: high-skill, highly educated) and at the same time, former working-class people and shops/services - Increase in further investment → quarter attracts businesses and investors → positive feedback loop Downside: - Relocation of locals (poor/marginalized) , shops/services - Loss of social networkd → self help schemes - Lack of shops/services for poorer polulation → cant afford - Loss of locally grown culture→ local cultural "identity" is lost to international expensive chain stores, cafés, restaurants Detroit (founded in 1701): - Reasons to invest: o Great rebirth → thanks to requalification programs o Homes of major companies o Second economic center of the Midwest o County seat and among the 20 most populous cities in the usa o Still affordable real estate prices - Today Its undergoing another boom - Gentrification → to revitalize the city with new capital after years of decay - Already a hand in shifting the demographics of the majority black city Basel: - Klybeck und Kleinhünigen: o verlagerung des hafen und öffnung früherer industrie areale → lebensraum für 10'000 neue einwohner + neue arbeitsplätze o jahrzehnte in anspruch nehmen o fragen beantworten: was brauchen die menschen heute und inzukunft? o Wie kann der charkter und die besonderheiten erhalten werden o How to have a good balance between old and new o Difficult because: people want more workspace, more greenspaces, more living space etc → accommodate all → culture & economy & life o Erhalt der gebäude aber auch der Atmosphäre  o Freizeit, sport, cultur bis zu büro-flächen o Since 2018 rent prices rose → apartments get expensive but living conditions don’t better o Cheapest place → 0.5 mio → people have to leave → can’t afford o “People dream of finding dinner and not bio-markets” o Schoeren weg → displacements → real estate invester want to maximize profits (also English investors, or credit Suisse) o Demolition of existing affordable housing o Political debates for housing protection messures - E.g. basel urban renewal of brownfield sites: o Gundeldinger feld → engine factory too social and commercial purposes → officespace, climbing halls, restaurants, public library → (leisure activitys) o Erlenmat → old trainsstaion → school o Kasserne → military base → now restaurants o Stücki areal → textile place (fabric dying) → social activities e.g → cinema, food, bowling etc Ki generated info to gentrification: Definition: - Gentrification is the process of neighborhood transformation, where older, run-down areas are renovated and upgraded, attracting higher-income residents, businesses, and cultural changes. It often results in long-time residents being displaced. Process: Starts with the renovation of older neighborhoods, making them more attractive to wealthier people. New amenities like restaurants, bars, and job opportunities emerge, increasing the area’s appeal. Affordable housing for young families and shared apartments can also be a factor in the process. Reasons for Attractiveness: Modern Apartments: Upgrades to apartments (better kitchens, bathrooms, etc.) often lead to higher rents. Infrastructure Investments: Improvements in public transportation, shops, and services make the area more desirable. Cultural Changes: Trends and changing preferences can make a neighborhood fashionable, attracting more residents. Social Changes: As wealthier people move in, rents and property prices rise, which can force lower-income residents to move out. The cultural and business landscape adapts to cater to the new residents, often changing the character of the neighborhood. Investments lead to physical upgrades, such as modernized buildings, green spaces, and improved streetscapes.