Prenatal Stage of Development (Gestation) PDF

Prenatal Stage of Development (Gestation) PSY103 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Germinal (Zygotic) Stage Conception Mitosis Cleavage Morula Blastulation Blastocyst Embryoblast ○ Embryonic disk Trophoblast Implantation Endometrium o...

Prenatal Stage of Development (Gestation) PSY103 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Germinal (Zygotic) Stage Conception Mitosis Cleavage Morula Blastulation Blastocyst Embryoblast ○ Embryonic disk Trophoblast Implantation Endometrium of the uterus Ectopic pregnancy Source: Shaffer & Kipp, 2010  Multiple Pregnancy/Births ❖ Monozygotic versus Multizygotic ❖ Identical or fraternal twin, triplet, quadruplet, quintuplet, sextuplet, septuplet, octuplet, nonuplet ❖ Sesquizygotic (semi-identical) ❖ Superfetation ❖ Heteropaternal superfecundation Trivia: Valentina and Feodor Vassilyev had 69 children – sixteen pairs of twins, seven sets of triplets, and four sets of Vassilyev had 18 children with his second quadruplets – between 1725 and 1765, wife (6 pairs of twins and 2 sets of triplets). a total of 27 births.  Multiple Births Type of Stage monozygotic twin Morula stage Dichorionic- (days 1 – 4) diamniotic Blastocyst Monochorionic- stage diamniotic (days 4 – 8) Monochorionic- 8 – 12 days monoamniotic After 12 days Conjoined  Risk Factors for Multiple Births Fertility In vitro drugs fertilization Age of Heredity mother - FHSB gene produces follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)  Principles of Growth Cephalocaudal principle Proximodistal principle Growth that proceeds Growth that proceeds from the head from the center part of downward the body outward  Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/embryonic-development/ Embryonic Stage Source: https://radiologykey.com/placenta-and-umbilical-cord/ Source: https://www.kinessence.ch/news/tag/placenta Embryonic Stage: Germ Layers epidermis, hair, and nervous Ectoderm system muscle system, circulatory system, Mesoderm urinary system, reproductive system, bones, dermis of the skin Endoderm digestive and respiratory systems  Embryonic Stage Milestones cells are starting to specialize; neural tubes are formed; a primitive heart, forerunners of the kidney, Week 3 and three sacs that will become the digestive system begin to develop neural tube swells to form the brain; spots that will become the eyes appear; backbone and ribs become Week 4 visible; muscle cells move into place; face starts to take shape; endocrine system begins to develop embryo is about ¼ inch long; arms and legs are developing rapidly; five fingers are visible; eyes have Week 5 corneas and lenses; lungs start to develop; heart begins to beat; inner ears begin to form; liver, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder start to form  Embryonic Stage Milestones brain begins to produce electrical activity and moves in response to stimuli; neural tube closes and separates into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, Week 6 neurons and synapses begin to develop in the spinal cord; leg buds form; kidney and stomach start to form embryo is about 10mm long and begins to move spontaneously; limbs are fully developed; skeletons Week 7 are visible; bones beginning to harden; muscles are maturing; maintains a semi-upright position; ears are completely formed; umbilical cord is fully formed embryo is about 1 inch long; liver and spleen begin to function; organs make and filter blood cells; heart Week 8 is well developed and pumps blood; digestive and urinary systems are functioning; organogenesis  Fetal Stage Milestones fingerprints; grasping reflex; facial expressions; swallowing and Weeks 9-12 rhythmic “breathing” of amniotic fluid; urination; genitalia appear; alternating periods of physical activity and rest hair follicles; responds to mother’s voice and loud noises; 8–10 Weeks 13-16 inches long; weighs 6 ounces fetal movements felt by mother; heartbeat detectable with stethoscope; lanugo (hair) covers body; eyes respond to light Week 17-20 introduced into the womb; eyebrows; fingernails, 12 inches long; sex may be identified by ultrasound  Fetal Stage Milestones vernix (oily substance) protects skin; lungs produce surfactant Weeks 21-24 (vital to respiratory function); viability becomes possible, although most born now do not survive recognition of mother’s voice; regular periods of rest and activity; Weeks 25-28 14–15 inches long; weighs 2 pounds; good chance of survival if born now very rapid growth; antibodies acquired from mother; fat deposited Week 29-32 under skin; 16-17 inches long; weighs four pounds; excellent chance of survival if delivered now  Fetal Stage Milestones movement to head-down position for birth; lungs mature; 18 inches Weeks 32-36 long; weighs 5-6 pounds, virtually 100 percent chance of survival; can distinguish between familiar and novel stimuli Weeks 37-38 full-term status; 19-21 inches long; weighs 6-9 pounds Influences on Prenatal Development Mother’s diet Mother’s age - folic acid: vitamin B9 - spina bifida Maternal emotions Support for the mother  Teratogen Drugs Maternal Diseases Environmental Hazards  Drugs Psychoactive Drug Potential Consequences Alcohol Fetal alcohol syndrome, cognitive deficits, heart damage, retarded growth Aspirin Deficits in intelligence, attention, and motor skills Caffeine Lower birth weight, decreased muscle tone Cocaine and heroin Retarded growth, irritability in newborns Marijuana Lower birth weight, less motor control Nicotine Retarded growth, possible cognitive impairments Tobacco Learning problems, antisocial behavior Inhalants Premature labor, problems similar to those of fetal alcohol syndrome Drugs  Drugs Prescription Drug Potential Consequences Accutane/Vitamin A Facial, ear, heart deformities Streptomycin Deafness Penicillin Skin disorders Tetracycline Tooth deformities Diet pills Low birth weight Thalidomide Limb malformations, facial paralysis, sight and hearing loss  Maternal Diseases Disease Potential Consequences AIDS Frequent infections, neurological disorders, death Chlamydia Premature birth, low birth weight, eye inflammation Chicken pox Spontaneous abortion, developmental delays, mental retardation Cytomegalovirus Deafness, blindness, abnormally small head, mental retardation Genital herpes Encephalitis, enlarged spleen, improper blood clotting Rubella (German Mental retardation, damage to eyes, ears, and heart measles)  Maternal Diseases Psychoactive Drug Potential Consequences Syphilis Damage to the central nervous system, teeth, bones Toxoplasmosis (due to Damage to the eyes and brain, learning disabilities, Toxoplasma gondii) spinal abnormalities Tuberculosis Pneumonia or tuberculosis Hepatitis B Hepatitis Parvovirus Anemia  Environmental Hazards Disease Potential Consequences Air pollution Low birth weight, premature birth, lower test scores Lead Mental retardation Mercury Retarded growth, mental retardation, cerebral palsy PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls) Impaired memory and verbal skills X-rays Retarded growth, leukemia, mental retardation Arsenic Low birth weight, fetal loss Cadmium Decreased head circumference, low birth weight, decrease in female and male sex hormones Anesthetic gases Miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight Solvents Fetal malformations Parasite-bearing substances Miscarriage, pre-term labor  How do teratogens work? 01 05 Genotype Late manifestation of damage 02 04 Dosage Damage is 03 selective Sensitive periods  01 Our center LABOR AND DELIVERY  Types of Delivery 01 Vaginal delivery 02 Assisted vaginal delivery https://www.amvihospitals.com/forceps-delivery https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22305-vacuum-extraction  Types of Delivery 03 Cesarean section History of C-section delivery Labor is not progressing Multiple births Umbilical cord prolapse Placenta previa Placental abruption Breech birth Hemorrhage Shoulder presentation Preeclampsia Fetal macrosomia Fetal distress: changes in the heart Uterine fibroid rate; low amniotic fluid; less fetal movement  Stages of Labor Stage 1: Dilation and Effacement a) Early/latent phase b) Active phase c) Transition https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/labor  Stages of Labor Stage 2: Delivery of the Baby - crowning https://emedicodiary.com/que/489/second-stage-of-labor  Stages of Labor Stage 3: Afterbirth - delivery of the placenta https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/labor  Assessing the Neonate Apgar Test Characteristics 0 1 2 Body pink, Appearance Blue or pale Completely pink extremities blue Slow (fewer than 100 Over 100 beats per Pulse Absent beats per minute) minute Frown, grimace, or Vigorous cries, Grimace No response weak cry coughs, sneezes Activity level Flaccid, limp Weak, some flexion Strong, active motion Respiratory effort Absent Slow or irregular Good, baby is crying  Assessing the Neonate Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale Autonomic Motor State Social  Potential Problems at Birth Respiratory distress syndrome (born 6 weeks early) Anoxia (oxygen deprivation – brain damage) Rh factor incompatibility Cranial bleeding and brain damage due to assisted vaginal delivery Low birth weight (less than 2500 grams) Very low birth weight (less than 1500 grams) Extremely low birth weight (less than 1000 grams) Small-for-gestational age  Social Environment Mother’s experience Maternity blues Postpartum depression Father’s experience Engrossment Sibling experiences