Prenatal Development Lecture 2 PDF

Psych 2410B Chapter 4: Prenatal Development Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7xnjj8 1. when is the germline period/period of the zygote?: -from conception to im- plantation in uterine wall 2. when is the period of the embryo?: -weeks 3 to 8 3. when is the period of the fetus?: -week 9 to...

Psych 2410B Chapter 4: Prenatal Development Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7xnjj8 1. when is the germline period/period of the zygote?: -from conception to im- plantation in uterine wall 2. when is the period of the embryo?: -weeks 3 to 8 3. when is the period of the fetus?: -week 9 to birth 4. what occurs during the period of the zygote, what are the timestamps?: -sin- gle-cell mature ovum is discharged by the ovary on days 9 to 16 of the menstrual cycle -fertilization occurs usually within 24 hours -2 cells at 36 hours -4 cells at 48 hours -16-32 cells at 72 hours -cell division, formation of inner cell mass at 4-5 days -blastocyst attaches to uterine wall, using the mother's blood supply, becoming an embryo at 8-14 days 5. what is the blastocyst?: -ball of cells first formed when fertilized egg begins dividing 6. the inner layer of the blastocyst is called the __________, what does it become?: -embryonic disk -becomes the embryo 7. what is the job of the outer layer cells of the blastocyst?: -trophoblasts -develop into tissues that protect, nourish embryo 8. what is implantation?: -when the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall 9. what occurs during the period of the embryo?: -three cell layers form -ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm 10. what does the ectoderm become?: -nervous system, skin, hair -neural tube 11. the neural tube is developed from the __________ layer, what does it become?: -ectoderm -becomes the central nervous system 12. what does the mesoderm become?: -muscles, bones, circulatory system 13. what does the endoderm become?: -digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, vital organs 14. what significant event occurs at week 4 of development?: -heart starts beating 15. what significant events occur during the second month of development?- : -ears form -beginnings of skeleton -limbs develop 1/5  Psych 2410B Chapter 4: Prenatal Development Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7xnjj8 -brain rapidly develops -indifferentiated gonads appear 16. how big is the embryo in the second month?: -2.5cm long -7g 17. when do support structures develop?: -after implantation 18. what is the amnion?: -watertight membrane surrounding embryo -regulates temperature and cushions against injury 19. what is the yolk sac?: -found within the amnion, attached to the chorion -produces blood cells until embryo can produce its own 20. what is the chorion?: -surrounds the amnion -attaches to uterine tissue to gather nourishment for embryo 21. what is the placenta?: -formed from lining of chorion and uterine tissue -provides respiration, nourishment for embryo -allows elimination of metabolic waste 22. what is the umbilical cord?: -formed from allantois membrane -connects embryo to the placenta -delivers oxygen to embryo 23. the __________ is the site of all metabolic transactions that sustain the embryo: -placenta 24. what significant events occur during the third month of development?: - -able to kick, twist but cannot be felt by the mother -can swallow, digest, urinate -testosterone secreted by male testes 25. at what month can ultrasound determine the sex of a baby?: -third month 26. how big is the embryo at the third month?: -7.5cm long -28g 27. when does the second trimester occur?: -months 4 to 6 28. what significant events occur during the second trimester?: -motor skills refined - can suck thumb -mother can feel kicking -heartbeat heard using stethoscope -eyebrows, eyelashes, scalp hair appear -covered in vernix and lanugo 29. what is vernix, when does it appear?: -white substance covering fetus to prevent chapped skin -appears during 5-6 months 30. what is lanugo, when does it appear?: -fine layer of body hair allowing vernix to stick to fetus' skin -appears during 5-6 months 2/5  Psych 2410B Chapter 4: Prenatal Development Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7xnjj8 31. when is the third trimester?: -months 7 to 9 32. what significant events occur during the third trimester?: -'finishing phase' -organ systems mature -weight gain 33. when is the age of viability, what does this mean?: -22 to 28 weeks -possible to survive outside uterus 34. what significant events occur during the ninth moth?: -moves to fetal, head-down position -can distinguish mother's voice 35. how big is the fetus at nine months?: -48 to 53cm -3.2-3.6kg 36. what are teratogens?: -environmental agents that can harm developing fetus e.g. viruses, drugs, chemicals, radiation 37. when do teratogens have the strongest impact?: -during sensitive periods - when particular structures form, grow most rapidly 38. the period of the embryo is also known as...: -the critical phase of pregnancy - when most structures rapidly develop 39. what is rubella, when is it the most harmful to the unborn child?: -maternal disease that has little effect on mother -can cause blindness, deafness, cardiac effects, intellectual disability -most dangerous during first trimester, first 3-4 months of development 40. what is toxoplasmosis, what occurs to the unborn child?: -maternal disease caused by parasite found in raw meat, cat faces -can cause eye and brain damage during first trimester, miscarriage afterwards 41. what is syphilis, when is it harmful to the unborn child?: -sexually transmit- ted disease which can cross placental barrier at 18th week of development -causes miscarriage, birth defects 42. what is genital herpes, when is it harmful to the unborn child?: -sexually transmitted disease which can affect the child upon physical contact during birth -can cause blindness, brain damage, neurological disorders, death 43. what is HIV/AIDS, what effects does it have on the unborn child?: -viral disease that can be transmitted from mother to unborn child -weakens immune system which can lead to death -in developing countries, can cause low birth weight, impaired early learning, im- paired psychomotor and cognitive development 44. when can HIV/AIDS be passed on from the mother to the child?: -during pregnancy -while giving birth during exchange of blood between mother and child -through mother's milk while breastfeeding 3/5  Psych 2410B Chapter 4: Prenatal Development Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7xnjj8 45. what thalidomide?: -mild tranquilizer used to relieve morning sickness -can produce limb malformations in child -many showed no effect at all 46. what is phocomelia, what drug is this caused by?: -structural abnormality where all/parts of limbs are missing, hands and feet are attached directly to the torso -caused by thalidomide 47. what is diethylstilbestrol (DES)?: -synthetic sex hormone prescribed to pre- vent miscarriage -produces cervical cancer, genital abnormalities in adolescent females 48. what is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)?: -congenital problems ob- served in offspring of mothers who consumed alcohol while pregnant 49. children with FASD have __________ self-regulation than children with ADHD: -worse 50. what is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?: -caused by heavy drinking -microencephaly, facial malformation, hyperactivity, seizures, below-average intelli- gence 51. what are fetal alcohol effects (FAE)?: -caused by moderate, social drinking -poor motor skills, attention problems, below-average intelligence 52. what does cigarette smoking during pregnancy do to the child?: -slows growth of fetus -low birth weight -risk of cleft lip and cleft palate -increased risk of miscarriage, SIDS 53. what does cocaine use during pregnancy do to the child?: -leads to prema- ture birth -smaller babies -lower IQ 54. what does heroin use during pregnancy do to the child?: -increased neona- tal death -born with addiction, but may recover 55. what does marijuana use during pregnancy do to the child?: -emotional, behavioural, academic problems 56. what effect does radiation exposure have on the unborn child?: -high exposure can lead to physical deformities, intellectual disabilities, death 57. what effect do chemicals and pollutants have on the unborn child?: -can cause physical deformities, intellectual disabilities 58. what is the main takeaway about teratogen exposure?: -both mothers and father should limit their exposure to teratogens 4/5  Psych 2410B Chapter 4: Prenatal Development Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7xnjj8 59. what is the main takeaway about environmental toxins?: -environmental toxins can affect reproductive system of both parents 60. what is the recommended weight gain for pregnant mothers?: -11 to 14kg 61. what is the effect of not consuming enough iodine during pregnancy?: - -congenital hypothyroidism, cretinism - irreversible intellectual disability 62. what is the effect of not consuming enough folate, folic acid during preg- nancy?: -needed for neural tube development -insufficient amounts causes spina bifida and anencephaly 63. when are stress-related complications to pregnancy most likely?: -when pregnant women ambivalent, negative about pregnancy or marriage -have no social support structure 64. how does maternal stress impact the unborn child?: -stunted prenatal growth -lower birth weight -more irritable baby -linked to ADHD 65. what maternal ages are linked to increased risks during pregnancy?: -teen mothers - under 20 years -older mothers - over 35 years 66. what is the safest time frame to have a child?: -20 to 35 years 5/5