1Q - 21st Century Literature PDF

Reviewer by YCG 1Q - 21st Century Literature (2) the use of English as medium of instruction in all levels of education in...

Reviewer by YCG 1Q - 21st Century Literature (2) the use of English as medium of instruction in all levels of education in LITERATURE public schools (Santiago, 2015). Spanish and Tagalog and the vernaculars The term literature is derived from the Latin were the languages used in writing during word "littera" which means "a letter of the the first years in American colonization; but alphabet". Spanish and Tagalog were the predominated According to the website Britannica, languages. literature is traditionally defined as body of In 1910, a new group started to write in written works associated to imaginative and English; English were the media used in creative works of poetry and prose and can literature. be classified according to variety of systems The literature was considered as imitative of such as language, national origin, historical American model. period, genre and subject matter. Writers during the American Period drew Literature can either be in oral or written ideas from the Propaganda Movement and form. the Revolutionary Movement to encourage The oral literature handed down from one the Filipinos to continue to fight against the generation to another, then later on U.S. Colonialism. transformed into written form. The literary genres that flourished during the The products of written literature are called American Period were poetry, sarswela, literary text. short story, and the novel. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (BC-1564) CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1960-Present) Works of pre-colonial Philippine Literature Contemporary literature or 21st Century were mainly oral, including but not limited Literature per se, is anything that was to epics, legends, songs, riddles, and written and published in the year 2000s. proverbs. Our ancestors in pre-colonial era were FORMS OF FICTION pagans; hence, subjects of various forms of Hypertext Fiction literature were about gods and goddesses, spiritual/mythical creatures. Hypertext refers to texts that are produced and read on computers and which require the SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD (1565- reader to click on hyperlinks in order to read 1863) through the text. Alibata, the first Filipino alphabet, was In other words, each hypertext is composed replaced by the Roman alphabet. of multiple texts, called lexia, which are Spanish became the language of Philippine joined through hyperlinks. literature. Textula Religious themes dominated the culture of the Christianize majority; but, the native oral Textula is a mobile phone poetry, short literature. traditional formal verses are used in this form of genre. AMERICAN PERIOD (1910-1945) It is composed of 7777 syllable count with Philippine literary production was spurred rhyme scheme aabb, abab, abba. by two significant developments in Flash Fiction education and culture: (1) the introduction of the free public It is a story narrated in an extremely brief instruction for all children of school age, way, but still offers plot and character and development and implies a larger story. Varieties of flash fiction identified by word count include six-word stories (6 words), 1 Reviewer by YCG dribble or minisaga (50 words), 280- advice that I’ve been turning over in my character story or twitterrature (280 words mind ever since. or a story in one tweet) drabble or “Whenever you feel like criticizing any microfiction (100 words), sudden fiction one,” he told me, “just remember that all the (750 words) and flash fiction (1,000 words). people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you’ve had.” Graphics Novel Foreshadowing These are narratives told in comic-strip formats and published as a book. Hints of what to come without giving away To differentiate from illustrated fiction, the ending of the story. graphic novels tell a story using a Example: A child leaves the house and the combination of words and pictures in a parent is overly concerned about them. The sequence across the page. child tells the parent not to worry, that everything will be fine. Chick Lit In media res It is an often humorous and lighthearted fiction which addresses issues of modern The story begins ‘in the midst of things’ womanhood. Example: Forrest is sitting on a bus stop Stories may include romantic relationships, bench, talking to a woman who appears friendships, and issues in the workplace. It wholly uninterested in anything he’s saying. generally targets young women readers. As he rambles on, it turns out he’s about to begin telling a story. We the audience are STAGES OF PLOT then brought to the beginning of it, seeing 1. Exposition – Introduce the main characters, how his life unfolded and how he ended up establish the setting, and foreshadow the here on this park bench. central conflict. POINT OF VIEW 2. Inciting incident – create a conflict that puts plot into motion It refers to the person who is telling the story 3. Rising Action – build tension through or narrating it. events and obstacles that complicates the Person’s position in relation to the story plot. 4. Climax – peak or highest point of tension First Person Narrator 5. Falling Action – tying up the loose ends A character in the story 6. Resolution – closure to the characters Can be told from the perspective a major NARRATIVE TECHNIQUES character deeply embedded in the story It uses the pronouns “I” and “me.” Coincidence Doesn’t know what other characters are Chance occurrence of two things at the same thinking and feeling time or place. Second Person Narrator Exposition When it’s used correctly, it can have a great The writer provides necessary background effect information the reader needs to understand This narrative voice is often used for your the situation in the story. protagonist to speak to an earlier (or younger) version of himself or herself. Flashback Speaks directly to the reader A narration of the past events within the Third Person Narrator frame of a current action. Example: In my younger and more Not a character in the story vulnerable years my father gave me some 2 Reviewer by YCG Called limited if he/she tells the story Every word has denotation, which is its dictionary through the perspective of a single character; meaning. However, many words also have like a camera following that character connotation as well. This refers to meaning that is associated with the word. Called omniscient if he/she is seemingly all- knowing and able to access thoughts and feelings of all characters TYPES OF CONFLIC CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT A struggling forces that create tension in the story. It can be internal (within the Round vs Flat character) or external (among characters and Round characters – complexity. their environments). In some sources, Flat characters – have no such complexity. conflict is taken as separate element of Virtues refers to strengths and other positive fiction. traits while flaws refer to weaknesses and External conflict is a struggle between a negative traits. character and an outside force. This may be Flat characters do not change throughout a another character, a group of characters, story. Whether it’s a deliberate or unplanned society, or nature. (entity vs entity; entity vs choice, flat characters have not been well- society; entity vs nature) developed by the author. Internal conflict is a struggle within a Don’t confuse flat characters with static character’s mind. This kind of conflict characters, there is a key difference. Static happens when a character must deal with means that the character doesn’t go through opposing thoughts or feelings. a change. Flat refers to the character’s PURPOSE OF SETTING personality — one dimensional. When we talk about rounded characters, Setting concerns the when and where of the we often mean complicated, like a real story. Time and space would probably be the human. These characters are fully fleshed simplest way to define this. However, you out and have backgrounds, goals, and should always take a look at both the larger personalities. and smaller scopes concerning setting which are: Static vs Dymanic o Time period Dynamic character undergoes change as a o Time of day result of his encounters in the story while o Geography static character remains the same all o Specific/space throughout. Influencing Action - As seen in the story, the news Static refers to movement, and static affects the actions that characters choose to do. characters go nowhere, that is to say, that They respond to events, cultures, and mindsets they don’t develop. Static characters stay the found in the setting. same from the beginning to the end of the Defining Character - The setting can also have a story. hand in the development of characters’ Remember that flat and round refer to psychological, cultural, and economic state. Social personality and static and dynamic refer to status is also a key factor when it comes to growth. analyzing how a character is defined by setting. Flat = predictable, round = interesting, static = Contributing to Mood - Mood is defined as the still, dynamic = changing. general feeling portrayed by the setting. In the story, there is a tension that the characters feel because of DENOTATIVE AND CONNOTATIVE MEANINGS the fear created by the setting. 3 Reviewer by YCG Regional Literature - This is a kind of writing which focuses on a specific locality or geographic regions. Local color is a term used when authors paint the setting with customs, languages, and even attitude of a specific region. A Sense of Place - As you have read in the story, the author vividly describes the places where the girls has been. There is an interior setting, which is the safe house, and an exterior setting, the larger community, which extends to the district and even the country that the girl finds herself in. Sometimes the weather and the climate also come into play when it comes to setting because this may affect character’s behavior. A Sense of History - While some stories are embedded in history, it is important to note that historical setting does not necessarily apply to all stories as some authors set their stories in an unnamed time and place that would be easier for readers to relate to. A Sense of Society - Social setting is an additional aspect that you can examine. Aside from time and place, we can also see how characters behave and operate based on the kind of community they have built. In this story, the girls parents and their friends have formed a community based on how they are affected by current events. They are united by a common bond, which is the suffering they have endured. Thus, it is worthwhile to look at the way they think, feel, and do. 4