Impact Of Spanish Colonial Rule PDF

**[IMPACT OF SPANISH COLONIAL RULE]** \*POLITICALSTRUCTURE ==================== **** -- Spain occupied Manila in an almost bloodless way. The purpose of Spanish colonization was the **3G's** -- **God** (driven by the anti-Muslim spirits of the Crusades and obligation to convert the natives to Chr...

**[IMPACT OF SPANISH COLONIAL RULE]** \*POLITICALSTRUCTURE ==================== **** -- Spain occupied Manila in an almost bloodless way. The purpose of Spanish colonization was the **3G's** -- **God** (driven by the anti-Muslim spirits of the Crusades and obligation to convert the natives to Christianism), **Gold** (desire for economic wealth, demand for Oriental products, and monopoly of the lucrative spice trade; accumulation of bullions became the guiding principle of mercantilism), and **Glory** (Treaty of Zaragoza became a motivating factor to find land besides Moluccas for its policy of expansionism). **[1565-1821]** -- the Philippines was a dependency of the Viceroyalty of Mexico (Nueva España). All Spanish territories was governed by the **RoyalandSupremeCouncilofIndies** guided by the **[Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias]** (compendium of in governing colonies). **[Political Institutions]** -- centralized form of government whose power was concentrated with the **Governor-General** (chief executive, commander-in-chief of the army, issues and implement royal decrees, can disregard decrees not suitable to the colonies - cumplase, has the right to dismiss public officials except for those appointed by the King, President of the Royal Audiencia -- highest court, and Vice Royal Patron -- can appoint priests to ecclesiastical position). **[Checkers of the powers of the governor-general]** -- 1. **Residencia** -- special judicial court who reviews the performance of the outgoing governor-general. 2. **Visita** -- sent to the colony by the King to observe the conditions of the colony. The Visitador could visit the colony in no specific time and reports directly to the King. **** -- the administration of the Philippines was transferred to Spain under the **MinistrodeUltramar** (Ministry of Colony). **[Local Government]** -- an arm to facilitate the administration of the country and to represent the King and the governor-general in the provinces. **[Provincial Government]** -- 1. **Alcaldias** -- formerly known as encomiendas; pacified provinces whose inhabitants accepted the Spanish rule and owed their loyalty to the King of Spain; headed by **Alcaldes Mayores** (usually appointed by the governor-general, implement the laws, collect taxes, performed judicial functions, was given a trading privilege known as indulto de comercio) and Alcaldes En Ordinario. 2\. **Corregimientos** -- led by the military officer called **Corregidor** or Corregidores; areas still in conflict with Spain and were not fully subjugated. **[City Government]** -- known as **ayuntamiento** headed by an **alcalde mayor**. The first city was Cebu and later Manila as the capital city. **[Municipal Government]** -- alcaldias were further divided into towns called **pueblo**which was governed by **gobernadorcillo** or **capitan**. This was due to the **reduccion plan** (resettlement) presented by Fr. Juan de Plasencia. The smallest political unit was the **barangay**headed by a **cabeza de barangay**. **** -- there were 8 recognized ayuntamientos and these were Manila, Iloilo, Cebu, Jaro, Batangas, Albay, Nueva Caceres, and Vigan. \*SOCIALSTRUCTURE ================= **[Social Stratification]** -- governed by the principle of limpieza de sangre (purity of blood). The structure was divided into three: those with Spanish blood, those with money and power, and the Indio class. 1. **[First Structure]**: a. **Peninsulares** -- Spaniards born in Spain (held the highest position in the Spanish colonial government, governor-general should be pure blooded Spaniards born in Spain); b. **Insulares**-- Spaniards born in the Philippines (held positions in the colonial army and in the parishes); c. **Spanish Mestizo** -- born with a Spanish father and Indio mother (the term **Filipino** was used to refer to the mestizos during the early part of the Spanish era). 2. **[Second Structure]**: a. **Principalia**-- town's ruling elite class (administrations of towns awere given to them); b. **Creoles** -- landed native class; c. **ChineseMestizo** -- born of a Chinese father and Indio mother; d. **Chinos**-- who arrived originally from China. 3. **[Third Structure]**: the most discriminated were the **Indios** who were not even regarded as human beings, they were treated worse than the Chinese and Chinese mestizos in the Philippines. **[19^th^ Century]** -- another class emerged from the ranks and these were the **Ilustrados** -- the educated class, Filipinos who benefited from economic progress brought about by the opening of the Philippines to the world commerce. \*ECONOMICPOLICIES ================== **[Taxes]** -- 1. Direct Taxes -- included personal tribute and tax imposed on income; 2. Indirect Taxes -- comprised of bandala (annual enforced sale or requisition of goods like rice and coconut oil) and custom duties. **[Tribute]** -- which ranges from 8 to 15 reales inclusive of 3 reales for sanctorum tax (church taxes for 3 festivities), 10 reales for tribute, 1 real for tithes, and 1 real for town community chest. In 1884, the tribute was replaced by cedula personal. **[Polo y Servicio Personal]** -- forced labor, one of the most abusive Spanish economic policy; male ranging from **16 to 60 years old** were obligated to give community service to the government for **40 days**. **Polistas** or laborers were deployed to work in the construction of bridges and churches, repair of infrastructures, shipbuilding or cutting of logs in the forest. **[Falla]** -- exemption fee for polo y servicios equal to 1 ½ reales a day. **[Encomienda System]** -- a reward given by the King of Spain to those Spaniards who helped in the process of colonization. The natives were placed under one **encomendero** who will be responsible for their protection, education, and indoctrination. The encomendero were given the rights to collect taxes and recruitment of men for polo y servicios. **[Kinds of Encomienda]**: 1. **RoyalorCrownEncomienda** -- were those lands reserved for the King which included principal towns and ports (ex: Bagumbayan); 2. **PrivateEncomienda** -- were granted to those individuals who were either the King's protégés or men who served with merit during the conquest and pacification campaigns. **[Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade]** -- also known as Galleon de Manila or Nao de China; the controlled trade between Manila and Acapulco which was held annually from 1565-1815; 200 days from Phil.-Mexico; 70 days from Mexico-Phil.; the trade where **[piloncitos]** (considered as the first coins; also called as dos mundos or pieces of eight) was used; effects were intercultural exchanges bet. Phil. & America and it brought valuable flora & fauna. **[Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais]** -- or Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1781) which came up with **PlanGeneralEconomico** that aims for income-generating monopolies of tobacco, nuts, and liquor. **Gov.Gen.Basco** gathered around experts on agriculture, manufacturing, education, and foreign trade to help the economy improve and develop. **[Tobacco Monopoly]** -- institutionalized by **JoseBascoyVargas**, it was created by virtue of a royal decree issued by King Charles III of Spain in 1782. The government strictly supervised the planting and manufacturing of tobacco in the Philippines, it will determine which provinces will plant tobacco, the quantity to be planted, and how much should be paid to those working in the plantations. This increased the government's income and the Philippines became self-sufficient and even sent a portion of its income in Spain. **[Royal Company of the Philippines]** -- founded on March 1785; established to promote a direct trade between Spain and colonies and the development of the colonies' natural resources; a 25-year charter for the purpose of uniting American and Asian commerce; considered as a strong competitor of the Galleon Trade; it provided Filipinos an opportunity for an open trade with the Europeans; it increased the income of the colony and it allocated 4% of its profit for agricultural purposes. It was abolished in 1834. \*RELIGIOUS,EDUCATIONAL,ANDSOCIALTRANSFORMATION =============================================== - Spain utilized Christianity as the best means to pacify and get the trust of the Filipino natives. They remove animism and replaced the anitos and diwatas with statues of saints. They introduced fiestas and other church festivities. **[Missionaries]**: 1. Augustinians -- 1565; 2. Franciscans -- 1577; 3. Jesuits -- 1581; 4. Dominicans -- 1587; 5. Recollects -- 1606; 6. Benedictines -- 1895. **[La Soberania Monacal]** -- Monastic Supremacy also known as Frailocracia or Frailocracy given by M.H. del Pilar who believed that there is high influence of church on the state. - The Spaniards created brown indios in a black suit. They replaced kanggan and bahag with Americana and coat. Women created a blend of pre-colonial baro and saya with panuelo and mantillas. They learned to use slippers and build houses made of bricks. - Filipinos adopted Spanish sounding names as decreed by Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria in 1849 (became the basis of exact tax collection and demographic control). Filipinos were exposed to Spanish language and were introduced to different forms of pastimes and entertainment (sabong, careras, cenakulo, moro-moro, zarzuela). **[17^th^ Century Filipino Writers]** -- Fernando Bagongbanta (Salamat nang ualang hanga), Tomas Pinpin (auit), Pedro Suarez Ozorio (Salamat nang ualang hoyang) **[18^th^ Century Filipino Writers]** -- Gaspar Aquino de Belen, Felipe de Jesus, Jose dela Cruz (Huseng Sisiw) **[Painters]** -- Juan Luna, Felix Ressurecion Hidalgo, Maria Paz Paterno (only woman painter of the 19^th^ Century) **[Books produced by the first wood-block printing]** -- 1. Doctrina Cristiana en lengua española y tagala; 2. Doctrina Cristiana en letra y lengua china; 3. Wu-chi t'ien-chu cheng-chiao chen-chuan shih-lu (A discussion of real traditional propagation of the true religion) **[La Funeraria]** -- first funeral parlor **[Ferrocaril de Manila]** -- only railway line in the Phil. (120 miles long from Manila to Dagupan) **[Compania de los Tranvias de Filipinas]** -- in Manila, 1885 by Jacobo Zobel de Zangronis and Adolfo Bayo **** -- La Electricista de Manila **[Puente Colgante]** -- now Quezon Bridge, 1^st^ suspension bridge in the Far East designed by Gustave Eiffel **[Museo Biblioteca de Filipinas]** -- 1^st^ public library and museum - Parochial schools were founded in order to propagate religion and to teach the natives obedience towards the religious authorities. Education was used for the indoctrination process of the natives. - Colleges or colegios were founded and taught Latin, geography, history and mathematics. **** -- **ColegiodeSanIgnacio** was founded as the first college for boys (for priesthood and general secondary education) and became a university in 1621. **ColegiodeSta.Potenciana**was also founded as the first college for girls and was merged later to **ColegiodeSta.Isabel**which was founded in 1632 (oldest school for girls). **[College of San Ildefonso]** -- Cebu (1599) University of San Carlos, sole secondary school outside Manila **[College of the Immaculate Concepcion]** -- or Escuela Pia or Ateneo Municipal de Manila now Ateneo de Manila University, founded by the Jesuits in 1817 (school for the poor boys). **[Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario]** -- now UST, oldest in Asia; longest existing university founded in 1611 and primarily run by the Dominican friars.