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Questions and Answers
Who led the corregimientos during the colonial period?
Who led the corregimientos during the colonial period?
Which of the following was NOT one of the recognized ayuntamientos?
Which of the following was NOT one of the recognized ayuntamientos?
What class was considered the ruling elite in the local governance structure?
What class was considered the ruling elite in the local governance structure?
Which group was the highest in social stratification according to limpieza de sangre?
Which group was the highest in social stratification according to limpieza de sangre?
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What was the smallest political unit in the colonial governance structure?
What was the smallest political unit in the colonial governance structure?
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Which of the following was a form of indirect tax imposed during the colonial period?
Which of the following was a form of indirect tax imposed during the colonial period?
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Who were referred to as Ilustrados in the 19th century?
Who were referred to as Ilustrados in the 19th century?
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What were Sanctioned individuals born of a Spanish father and Indio mother called?
What were Sanctioned individuals born of a Spanish father and Indio mother called?
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What were the main motivations behind Spanish colonization known as the 3G's?
What were the main motivations behind Spanish colonization known as the 3G's?
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Which institution served as the highest court during Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines?
Which institution served as the highest court during Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines?
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What role did the Governor-General hold in the Spanish colonial government?
What role did the Governor-General hold in the Spanish colonial government?
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Which entity was responsible for reviewing the performance of the outgoing Governor-General?
Which entity was responsible for reviewing the performance of the outgoing Governor-General?
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What was the function of the Alcaldes Mayores during Spanish rule?
What was the function of the Alcaldes Mayores during Spanish rule?
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How were Alcaldías formed in the Spanish colonial administration?
How were Alcaldías formed in the Spanish colonial administration?
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What position held the right to appoint priests to ecclesiastical positions?
What position held the right to appoint priests to ecclesiastical positions?
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What was the principal guiding principle of mercantilism during Spanish colonization?
What was the principal guiding principle of mercantilism during Spanish colonization?
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What role did the encomendero play in the encomienda system?
What role did the encomendero play in the encomienda system?
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What was the primary purpose of the tribute system that existed before the cedula personal?
What was the primary purpose of the tribute system that existed before the cedula personal?
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How long were males required to participate in polo y servicio personal?
How long were males required to participate in polo y servicio personal?
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Which royal decree institutionalized the tobacco monopoly in 1782?
Which royal decree institutionalized the tobacco monopoly in 1782?
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The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade significantly contributed to which of the following?
The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade significantly contributed to which of the following?
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What was a major outcome of the Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais?
What was a major outcome of the Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais?
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What was the exemption fee for polo y servicio personal?
What was the exemption fee for polo y servicio personal?
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What were the piloncitos widely recognized as during the Galleon Trade?
What were the piloncitos widely recognized as during the Galleon Trade?
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What was one of the main purposes of the Royal Company of the Philippines?
What was one of the main purposes of the Royal Company of the Philippines?
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Which of the following religious orders was established first in the Philippines?
Which of the following religious orders was established first in the Philippines?
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How did the Spanish influence Filipino culture according to the content?
How did the Spanish influence Filipino culture according to the content?
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What strategy did Spain use to gain the trust of the Filipino natives?
What strategy did Spain use to gain the trust of the Filipino natives?
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What significant effect did the establishment of the Royal Company of the Philippines have on the local economy?
What significant effect did the establishment of the Royal Company of the Philippines have on the local economy?
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What was one consequence of the decree by Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria in 1849?
What was one consequence of the decree by Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria in 1849?
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What term describes the high influence of the church over the state during the Spanish colonial period?
What term describes the high influence of the church over the state during the Spanish colonial period?
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What was part of the cultural transformation introduced by the Spaniards in the Philippines?
What was part of the cultural transformation introduced by the Spaniards in the Philippines?
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Who is recognized as the only woman painter of the 19th Century in the Philippines?
Who is recognized as the only woman painter of the 19th Century in the Philippines?
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Which literary figure is known for their work 'Huseng Sisiw'?
Which literary figure is known for their work 'Huseng Sisiw'?
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What was the first public library and museum in the Philippines?
What was the first public library and museum in the Philippines?
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Which institution is considered the oldest university in Asia?
Which institution is considered the oldest university in Asia?
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Which college was founded as the first institution for girls in the Philippines?
Which college was founded as the first institution for girls in the Philippines?
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What is the significance of the Puente Colgante in the Philippines?
What is the significance of the Puente Colgante in the Philippines?
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Which publication was produced by the first wood-block printing in the Philippines?
Which publication was produced by the first wood-block printing in the Philippines?
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Who founded the only railway line in the Philippines in the 19th century?
Who founded the only railway line in the Philippines in the 19th century?
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Study Notes
Spanish Colonial Rule in The Philippines
- Spanish Colonization (1565-1821) was driven by the 3G's: God, Gold, and Glory.
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Political Structure: Centralized government with the Governor-General as the chief executive, responsible for implementing royal decrees.
- Royal and Supreme Council of Indies governed all Spanish territories, guided by the Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias.
- Governor-General: Chief executive, commander-in-chief, issued and implemented royal decrees, had the right to dismiss officials except those appointed by the King.
- Royal Audiencia: Highest court in the Philippines.
- Vice Royal Patron: Appointed priests to ecclesiastical positions.
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Checkers of Governor-General's power:
- Residencia: Judicial court reviewing the performance of outgoing Governor-Generals.
- Visita: Commissioned by the King to observe colonial conditions, reporting directly to the King.
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Local Government: Facilitated administration and represented the King and Governor-General in provinces.
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Provincial Government:
- Alcaldias: Pacified provinces, headed by Alcaldes Mayores, responsible for implementing laws, collecting taxes, and performing judicial functions.
- Corregimientos: Areas in conflict with Spain, led by Corregidores.
- City Government: Known as ayuntamiento, headed by an alcalde mayor, with Manila as the capital.
- Municipal Government: Alcaldias were divided into towns (pueblo), governed by gobernadorcillo. The smallest unit was the barangay, led by a cabeza de barangay.
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Provincial Government:
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Social Stratification: Based on limpieza de sangre (purity of blood), divided into three tiers:
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First Structure:
- Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain, held highest positions.
- Insulares: Spaniards born in the Philippines, served in the colonial army and parishes.
- Spanish Mestizos: Mixed Spanish and Indio heritage, known as "Filipinos" during the early Spanish era.
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Second Structure:
- Principalia: Town's ruling elite.
- Creoles: Landed native class.
- Chinese Mestizos: Mixed Chinese and Indio heritage,.
- Chinos: Chinese immigrants.
- Third Structure: Indios, discriminated against and treated as inferior.
- 19th Century: Ilustrados emerged: educated Filipinos who benefitted from economic progress.
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First Structure:
Economic Policies
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Taxes:
- Direct Taxes: Personal tribute and income tax.
- Indirect Taxes: Bandala (enforced sale of rice and coconut oil) and custom duties.
- Tribute: Replaced by the cedula personal in 1884.
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Polo y Servicio Personal: Forced labor, obligated men between 16-60 years old to serve the government for 40 days.
- Polistas: Laborers working on infrastructure projects and logging.
- Falla: Exemption fee for polo y servicios.
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Encomienda System: Reward given to Spaniards for helping colonize, granting them rights to collect taxes and recruit labor.
- Royal/Crown Encomienda: Reserved for the King.
- Private Encomienda: Granted to individuals who served the King.
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Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815): Annual trade between Manila and Acapulco, facilitated by piloncitos (first coins).
- Effects: Intercultural exchanges between the Philippines and America, introduction of flora and fauna.
- Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais (1781): Economic society that aimed for wealth creation, focusing on tobacco, nuts, and liquor monopolies.
- Tobacco Monopoly (1782): Instituted by Jose Basco y Vargas, strictly controlled the planting and manufacturing of tobacco, generating government revenue.
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Royal Company of the Philippines (1785): Established to promote direct trade between Spain and colonies, and the development of natural resources.
- Effects: Increased colonial income, facilitated open trade with Europeans, and allocated resources for agriculture.
Religious, Educational, and Social Transformation
- Christianity was used to pacify Filipinos, replacing animism with Catholicism.
- Missionaries: Augustinians (1565), Franciscans (1577), Jesuits (1581), Dominicans (1587), Recollects (1606), Benedictines (1895).
- La Soberania Monacal (Frailocracia): Monastic supremacy, highlighting the church's influence on the state.
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Social Changes: Filipinos adopted Spanish clothing and names, learned Spanish language, and participated in Spanish pastimes.
- 17th Century Filipino Writers: Fernando Bagongbanta, Tomas Pinpin, Pedro Suarez Ozorio.
- 18th Century Filipino Writers: Gaspar Aquino de Belen, Felipe de Jesus, Jose dela Cruz.
- Painters: Juan Luna, Felix Ressurecion Hidalgo, Maria Paz Paterno.
- Wood-block printing: Produced books like Doctrina Cristiana and Wu-chi t'ien-chu cheng-chiao chen-chuan shih-lu.
- La Funeraria: The first funeral parlor.
- Ferrocaril de Manila: First railway line in the Philippines.
- Compania de los Tranvias de Filipinas: First tramways in Manila.
- La Electricista de Manila: Introduced electricity.
- Puente Colgante (Quezon Bridge): First suspension bridge in the Far East.
- Museo Biblioteca de Filipinas: First public library and museum.
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Education:
- Parochial Schools: Propagated religion and taught obedience to religious authorities.
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Colleges (Colegios): Taught Latin, geography, history, and mathematics.
- Colegio de San Ignacio: First college for boys, established in 1621.
- Colegio de Sta. Potenciana/Colegio de Sta. Isabel: First college for girls, founded in 1632.
- College of San Ildefonso: In Cebu, founded in 1599.
- College of the Immaculate Concepcion (Ateneo Municipal de Manila): Founded in 1817.
- Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario (UST): Founded in 1611.
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Description
Explore the complexities of Spanish colonization in the Philippines from 1565 to 1821. This quiz covers the political structure, key figures like the Governor-General, and the roles of various councils and courts. Test your knowledge on how the Spanish governance shaped the local society and administration.
