Philippine History and Government PDF

General Knowledge Reviewer: Philippine History and Government 1. Philippine History: Key Events and Figures 1. Pre-Colonial Era ○ Early Filipinos lived in barangays led by datus. ○ They engaged in trade with neighboring countries such as China, India, and the Malay Archipelago...

General Knowledge Reviewer: Philippine History and Government 1. Philippine History: Key Events and Figures 1. Pre-Colonial Era ○ Early Filipinos lived in barangays led by datus. ○ They engaged in trade with neighboring countries such as China, India, and the Malay Archipelago. 2. Spanish Colonization (1565–1898) ○ The Philippines was named after King Philip II of Spain. ○ The first Spanish settlement was established in Cebu by Miguel López de Legazpi in 1565. ○ Galleon Trade (1565–1815): Connected Manila and Acapulco, boosting trade but heavily controlled by Spain. ○ Religious conversion: Majority of Filipinos became Roman Catholic due to Spanish missionaries. 3. Philippine Revolution and Independence ○ 1896: The Philippine Revolution began, led by the Katipunan founded by Andrés Bonifacio. ○ June 12, 1898: Declaration of Philippine Independence by Emilio Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite. 4. American Period (1898–1946) ○ After the Treaty of Paris (1898), Spain ceded the Philippines to the USA. ○ The Philippines became a colony but was promised independence through the Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934). ○ World War II: Japan occupied the Philippines (1941–1945). ○ July 4, 1946: The Philippines gained full independence from the USA. 5. Post-Independence Era ○ 1965–1986: The Marcos regime was marked by economic growth and political unrest, leading to Martial Law (1972–1981). ○ 1986 People Power Revolution: Peaceful protest led to the ousting of Ferdinand Marcos and the rise of Corazon Aquino as President. 2. Government Structure 1. The Philippine Constitution ○ The 1987 Constitution is the current framework of government. ○ It establishes the Philippines as a democratic and republican state, where sovereignty resides in the people. 2. Three Branches of Government ○ Executive: Headed by the President, who is both the head of state and government. Current President: (Check for updates depending on the current date) Term: Six years, no re-election. ○ Legislative: Bicameral Congress consists of: Senate: 24 senators (6-year terms). House of Representatives: District and party-list representatives. ○ Judiciary: Headed by the Supreme Court, which interprets laws. 3. Local Government ○ Divided into provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. ○ Local officials include governors, mayors, and barangay captains. 3. Key Historical Dates 1. March 16, 1521: Ferdinand Magellan "discovers" the Philippines. 2. April 27, 1521: Battle of Mactan—Lapu-Lapu defeats Magellan. 3. June 12, 1898: Declaration of Independence from Spain. 4. July 4, 1946: Philippine Independence from the United States. 5. February 25, 1986: People Power Revolution ousts Marcos. 4. Notable Figures in Philippine History 1. Dr. José Rizal: National Hero, author of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. 2. Andrés Bonifacio: Leader of the Katipunan and "Father of the Philippine Revolution." 3. Emilio Aguinaldo: First President of the Philippines and leader of the revolution against Spain and the USA. 4. Manuel L. Quezon: First President of the Philippine Commonwealth; known as the "Father of the National Language." 5. Corazon Aquino: First female President of the Philippines, restored democracy after Martial Law. 5. Symbols of the Philippine Government  1. National Flag: ○ Blue for peace, red for courage, and a white triangle for equality. ○ Three stars represent Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. ○ The sun symbolizes freedom and democracy. 2. National Anthem: Lupang Hinirang, composed by Julian Felipe. 3. Official Seal: Features the sun, three stars, and an eagle and lion representing the USA and Spain's influences. 6. Philippine Elections Election System: Filipinos elect leaders through direct voting. Positions: ○ National: President, Vice President, Senators, and Party-list Representatives. ○ Local: Governors, Mayors, and Barangay Captains. Elections are held every three years for local officials and every six years for the President. 1. Philippine History Timeline Pre-Colonial Period (Before 1521) Society organized into barangays, led by a datu. Rich trade networks with China, India, and Southeast Asia. Early writing system: Baybayin. Spanish Colonization (1521–1898) 1521: Ferdinand Magellan arrives; killed by Lapu-Lapu in the Battle of Mactan. 1565: Miguel López de Legazpi establishes the first Spanish settlement in Cebu. Spread of Christianity; construction of Baroque-style churches. 1896: Philippine Revolution begins, led by Katipunan (founded by Andrés Bonifacio). June 12, 1898: Philippine Independence declared by Emilio Aguinaldo. American Period (1898–1946) Philippines ceded to the U.S. via the Treaty of Paris (1898). 1901: Establishment of public education and democratic institutions. 1935: Philippine Commonwealth established, with Manuel L. Quezon as President. 1941–1945: Japanese occupation during World War II. July 4, 1946: Independence granted by the U.S.; Philippines becomes a sovereign nation. Post-Independence Era (1946–Present) Focus on nation-building and governance reforms. Periods of political turmoil, including Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos (1972–1981) and the 1986 People Power Revolution. 2. List of Philippine Presidents First Republic (Malolos Republic) 1. Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901) ○ Declared independence from Spain. ○ First President of the Philippines. Commonwealth Era (1935–1946) 2. Manuel L. Quezon (1935–1944) ○ "Father of the National Language." ○ Established social justice programs. 3. José P. Laurel (1943–1945) ○ President during Japanese occupation (recognized by Japan but not the U.S.). 4. Sergio Osmeña (1944–1946) ○ Led post-war recovery efforts. Third Republic (1946–1972) 5. Manuel Roxas (1946–1948) ○ First President of the independent Philippines. 6. Elpidio Quirino (1948–1953)  ○ Focused on post-war rehabilitation and economic development. 7. Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957) ○ "Champion of the Common Man." ○ Died in a plane crash. 8. Carlos P. Garcia (1957–1961) ○ Advocated the "Filipino First Policy." 9. Diosdado Macapagal (1961–1965) ○ Moved Independence Day celebration from July 4 to June 12. 10. Ferdinand Marcos (1965–1986) Declared Martial Law in 1972. Ousted during the 1986 People Power Revolution. Fifth Republic (1986–Present) 11. Corazon Aquino (1986–1992) First female President; restored democracy. 12. Fidel V. Ramos (1992–1998) Promoted peace talks with insurgent groups. 13. Joseph Estrada (1998–2001) Impeached due to corruption charges. 14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–2010) Focused on infrastructure and economic growth. 15. Benigno S. Aquino III (2010–2016) Advocated transparency and economic reforms. 16. Rodrigo Duterte (2016–2022) Known for the "War on Drugs" and infrastructure programs ("Build, Build, Build"). 17. Ferdinand Marcos Jr. (2022–Present) Current President; focuses on economic recovery and digital transformation. 3. Historical Events by Administration Manuel L. Quezon Established Tagalog as the basis of the national language. Founded Quezon City as the future capital. Ramon Magsaysay Strengthened rural development and anti-corruption campaigns. Ferdinand Marcos Infrastructure projects: San Juanico Bridge, Cultural Center of the Philippines. Declared Martial Law in 1972, citing communist threats. Corazon Aquino Drafted the 1987 Constitution, limiting presidential powers. Rodrigo Duterte Launched the controversial War on Drugs. Promoted regional development through federalism initiatives. 4. Government Highlights Branches of Government 1. Executive: President, Vice President, and Cabinet members. 2. Legislative: Bicameral Congress (Senate and House of Representatives). 3. Judiciary: Supreme Court and lower courts. Local Government Divided into regions, provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) was replaced by Bangsamoro Autonomous Region (BARMM) in 2019.