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The Philippines Under Spanish Rule (1600s – 1800s) Presented by: Aves, Seth Andrew Barcubero, Melchy Dorothy Ormillada, Iceah Peter Table of contents 01 Philippines: Spain’s Crown Colony 02 Reasons for Spanish...

The Philippines Under Spanish Rule (1600s – 1800s) Presented by: Aves, Seth Andrew Barcubero, Melchy Dorothy Ormillada, Iceah Peter Table of contents 01 Philippines: Spain’s Crown Colony 02 Reasons for Spanish Colonization 03 Political Changes 04 Economic Changes  Philippines: Spain’s Crown Colony The Spanish government ruled over the Philippines through the union of the church and the state, introducing in the process new beliefs, institutions, and practices in the political, economical, and the religious aspects of people’s lives.  Reasons for Spanish Colonization King Charles I primarily intended to send the Magellan expedition to Asia to search for the Moluccas (Spice Islands). Magellan’s mission succeeded as they found Tidore, Moluccas on November 1521. Spanish Claim to the Philippines: 1. Right of discovery - the Philippines was discovered or made under Spain’s auspices. Auspices - patronage, direction, or support 2. Right of actual occupation - Spain had possession of the Philippines, so they had the right to colonize it. 03 Political Changes Council of the Indies The Council of the Indies/ Spanish Consejo De Indias - the highest governing body of Spain's colonies in America (1524–1834). ○ Prepared and issued all legislation governing the colonies in the king's name ○ Approved all major acts and expenditures by colonial officials ○ Served as a court of last resort in civil suits appealed from colonial courts. Ministry of the Colonies Ministry of Overseas Territories (Ministerio de Ultramar), was the ministerial department in charge of the direction of Spanish territories. It ruled over the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Carolinas, the Marianas, and Palaos. In 1863, the Ministry of Overseas Territories placed the Philippines under its jurisdiction. The Central Government The Spanish officials adapted features of the government established in Mexico and South America and enforced similar laws such as: Laws of the Indies La Novisima Recopilacion Siete Partidas The Central The two branches of the government: Executive Judicial Government The Governor-General The president or the presiding officer of the Audiencia Vice Royal patron of the Philippines Commander-in-chief of the armed forces The governor-general has the power to issue orders called the superior decrees, while the King of Spain’s orders were called royal decrees. He also has the power to appoint minor officials such as The Central the parish priests in the government. The King of Spain bestowed upon the governor-general, the right of cumplase, the right to suspend royal decrees or orders relative to the Government Philippines if the said decrees would not be beneficial for the country’s administration. It has the formula, “I obey but do not comply.” The Audiencia In 1583 the audiencia was established and it exercised the judicial powers of the government. Governor Santiago de Vera was the first president of the administration. It served as the highest court concerning civil and criminal cases, regulated political and administrative matters brought by the governor, exercised political and administrative powers in The Central the absence of the governor, and audited the government’s finances. It was abolished in 1589, because it became a financial burden to the King of Spain. Government Re-established in 1595, but it did not carry out its function until it was inaugurated in 1598. Local Government Civil provincial governors called alcalde mayor are appointed by the governor-general to govern pacified provinces, while the military officers rule over the unpacified provinces. The Alcalde Mayor The Central Indulto de comercio refers to the right given to alcalde mayor to engage in trade. It was abolished in 1844 because of graft and corruption. Government In 1886, a provincial-governor abused his power as a provincial-judge, so the King had to appoint another man to take charge on the administering duties. Municipal Government Composed of barrios and is ruled by the gobernadorcillo, known today as mayor. The Gobernadorcillo elected by thirteen electors (six of whom are former cabeza de barangays, The Central six cabeza de barangays, and the outgoing captain. Had to be approved the friar-curate Aided in the town administration by Government tenientes, a chief police, and alguaciles. The City and Its Government Cebu and Manila – first two cities during the first century of Spanish rule. Six cities of the Philippines during the 17th century – Cebu, Manila, Vigan, Nueva Segovia (Lal-o, Cagayan), Arevalo (part of Iloilo), Nuevo Caceres (Naga) The Central Ayuntamiento – the government in the city, which consists of two alcaldes, twelve regidories (councilors), a chief police, a city Government secretary, and few lesser officials Cabeza de barangay Former Maharlikas (datu, gat, lakan) who became officials who rule over the barrios of the town Member of the Principalia, together The Central with the town mayor and other municipal officials. Government Propagating the Catholic Faith Animist religion It is a relational belief in which the earth and all of its inhabitants, including people, animals, plants, lands, and rivers, are seen as part of a vast linked web of existence. The Friars and Missionaries who spread Catholicism in the Philippines Augustinian order – the Augustinian friars who accompanied Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in his expedition. They sent missionaries that spread Catholicism in and around Manila, the Visayas, Ilocos, Pampanga, and Pangasinan. Franciscan Missionaries – In 1577 they arrived and spread Catholicism in provinces near Laguna de Bay such as Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon as well as in Camarines and other part of the Bicol provinces. Jesuits – In 1581, they arrived and spread Catholicism in Manila, Leyte, Cebu, Bohol, Samar, and in Mindanao Dominicans – In 1587, they came to the Philippines and spread the Catholic faith in Manila, Cagayan region, and Pangasinan. The Recollect Missionaries – In 1606, they came and propagated Catholicism in Manila, Bataan, Zambales, Mindoro, Masbate, Ticao, Burias, Cuyo, Romblon, Negros, and some parts in Mindanao. The Friars and Missionaries who spread Catholicism in the Philippines 20 years after the Legazpi expedition landed - The number of converts rose to 250,000 In the mid 1800s - the number of converts rose to about one million 1860s - rose to about four million 1898 - rose up to six and a half million The Union of Church and State o Governor-general – had the power to appoint priests to the parishes. o Clergy – had political power and were active in the government. o Friars – became members of some Central Government agencies. o Friar-curate - their roles and responsibilities include census enumerator, health officer, school inspector, examiner of pupils to enter primary school, censor who approve or disprove publications, and the auditor of the local government. o High church official – eligible to take charge the position of the governor- general in the latter’s absence or illness. Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta (1719-1721) Bishop Juan Arrechedera (1745-1750) Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpleta (1759-1761) Archbishop Manuel Rojo (1761-1762) The Church Organization · The Catholic Church was divided into different districts which represented geographic regions that had different languages or dialects, and each district was divided into its own parishes and missions. · 1578 – Manila became a diocese · 1581 – Father Domingo de Salazar was appointed the first bishop of manila. · 1595 – The Bishopric of manila became an Archbishopric. Father Ignacio Santabanñez as the first archbishop. · Nueva Caceres and Nueva Segovia – bishoprics of Cebu which was under the Archbishoprics of Manila. · Ecclesiastical Court or Archbishop’s Court – cases dealing with the laws of the church were tried in this court.  Ecclesiastical Court Also known as the Archbishop’s court, it is where cases dealing with the laws of the church were tried in this court.  The Inquisition The Inquisition was an ecclesiastical office whose duty was to search for heretics. There was no office of the Inquisitions in the Philippines, only a representative or commissary of the Mexican Inquisition. Filipinos were not subject to inquisitorial practice and method. Only the Spaniards were subject to arrest by the representative of the Holy Inquisition in Mexico.  The Introduction of Printing Xylography – was introduced to the Philippines by the Dominicans due to the slow process of handwriting religious works. · 1593 – the Christian Doctrine in Tagalog and Chinese were the first books printed through this method. · 1602 – Father Francisco de San Jose introduced the movable printing called typography. · 1606 – the Franciscans put up a printing press in The Central Tayabas (now Quezon Province). · 1703 – Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala was published, it was by Father Domingo de los Santos. Government  Residencia and the Visita Due the abuses committed by many Spanish officials sent in the Philippines, the King and Ministers of Spain introduced two institutions in their colonies, including the Philippines. Residencia was the public investigation and trial of outgoing colonial officials in order to ascertain if the committed any abuses in the performance of their duties. But was The Central still abused by the investigating governor-general. Government Visita was the secret investigation of an official’s conduct as a public servant. The Central Governor-General Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera – Government was falsely charged which led to his imprisonment.  The Plaza Complex The natives’ houses were deliberately situated in plazas or in the center of the town to bring them closer to the church, the convent, the municipio, the marketplace, and the cemetery. This setup allowed the Spaniards to effectively administer and control the natives.plaza 04 Economic Changes  The Encomienda In 1558, the King of Spain rewarded his loyal subjects by distributing land in the Philippines. Encomienda – was a favor given by the King of Spain to have rights to collect taxes from the inhabitants of the area assigned to the Spaniards. Encomendero – the man who received the favor from the King. Three types of Encomienda The Royal Encomienda – belonged to the King. The Ecclesiastical Encomienda – belonged to the Church. The Private Encomienda – belonged to private individuals. The Central There were many abuses committed by the encomenderos that the King abolished the private encomienda towards the end of the seventeenth century. Government  Forced Labor Although in theory, Spain’s colonial system was the best of all colonial systems, some conditions were set for forced labor. · Polo y servicio included the following: - The Filipinos to be drafted for work must be paid for their work. - The Filipinos must not be made to work in distant places where they could not return to their families. - Drafting laborers should not coincide with the planting and harvest seasons. - Men who are physically incapable should be overworked. - The forced labor should be resorted only to cases of absolute necessity. - The number of laborers drafted should be diminished as soon as laborers from other countries had volunteered to work. Although the provisions of the policy on forced labor protected the Filipino laborers from being exploited, the laws regarding the forced labor were violated which resulted to thousands of Filipino laborers dying. This decreased the The Central population of the Philippines for some years in the 16th and 17th century. Government Falla a fee for laborers who want to be exempted from forced labor. It was still of no use because of how unreasonably high the pay is that most The Central laborers could not even afford. Government  The Tribute In order to raise enough money to finance the administration of the colony, especially in the construction of infrastructures, the Filipinos were compelled to pay a tribute in cash or in kind, in full or installment basis, to the Spanish colonial government. 1570 – Paying tribute was officially introduced, the amount was still small. 1589 – the tribute was raised due to which a small portion will go to the church. This was called sanctorum 1889 – the King abolished it due to the opposition and The Central the abuses connected to its collection. The cedula personal was also introduced, which was the present equivalent of the residence certificate to class “A”. Government The Galleon Trade  The galleon Trade declined with the combined commercial liberty and opening of ports in South America, and the last galleon sailed from Manila to Acapulco in 1811.  Early Spanish colonial officials engaged trading with the East, such as China, Siam, India, Cambodia, Malacca, etc. They became wealthy due to this. The cargo from these countries were shipped to Mexico, and sold for higher prices. This is known as the Galleon Trade. It was initially a restrctive practice by the Spanish Elite. Restrictions started to be put in place due to complaints of goods being driven out of mexico by merchants from Spain (specifically Cadiz and Sevilla). The King did not lift these restructions, however. The Mexican Subsidy Also known as the Situado, was a yearly stipend of 250,000 pesos to the island of Philippines from the Mexican Government. This was due to the economic burden the Philippine was to the Spanish crown. The Central However, the subsidy was heavily corrupted, and was stopped when Mexico gained Government independence in 1821. The Economic Society The Economic Society An effort to implement an economic policy in the economy, the Economic Society of Friends of the Country was founded by General Basco. The Central Spanish traders in Manila gave 960 pesos annually to the society to help it function. Government The Economic Society Under the society, divisions included: - factories/manufacturing - industry/popular education - Natural history The Central - Domestic and foreign commerce - Agricultural Rural Economy Government The Royal Company The Royal Company of the Philippines was established in the Philippines in 1785 to promote the progress of the Philippines. Investing in industry, manufacturing and The Central agriculture was heavily implemented by the royal company. Government  Under the society, economic subjects were discussed by former government officials, traders and merchants Information on the cultivation of indigo, coffee, sugar, etc. through the means of pamphlets was published and widely distributed. Agricultural implements were imported from the United States to improve and increase agricultural production. In the same year. The Academy of Drawing in Manila was founded, granted scholarships to those interested in the art of dyeing. Government Monopolies Government Monopolies Basco is remembered for establishing monopolies in the Spanish-occupied Philippines. In 1780, the King decreed a tobacco monopoly in the colony. The The Central Philippines complied two years later. Government  The Provisions of the Decree 1. Cultivation of tobacco is only allowed in the provinces selected to grow it 2. Contraband sale of tobacco is prohibited 3. The government had the exclusive right to purchase all tobacco products, to inspect and classify the tobacco plant, and to prepare and manufacture cigars and cigarettes 4. The government had the right to prohibit the exportation/importation of tobacco by any agency not connected with the government.  1. Spanish officials committed abuses such as seizing lands from tobacco farmers who failed to produce the quota 2. Farmers were not paid the value of the tobacco crop, being paid with promissory notes which were never complied 3. Abuse of tobacco farmer’s families under the guise of searching their homes for contraband tobacco 4. Overall dishonesty of Spanish employees and officials 5. Tobacco farmers could not smoke the tobacco The Central they grow due to the high price of the cigars manufactured by the government Government Provinces such as Cagayan Valley, Nueva Ejica and Marinduque experienced agricultural improvement due to the monopoly. As mentioned in the previous slide, there were downsides to the monopoly. y, opposition grew of its practice, and the King eventually ordered its abolition in 1881, the Philippines following suit in 1882. The government also had other monopolies, such as wine/liquor, gunpowder, playing cards, and buyo. However, they were a burden to Filipinos, and the monopolies eventually bit the dust. The Royal Company  Four percent of the net profits were to be invested in agriculture in the colony. The implementation of the program were thanks to the King giving the company many privileges, such as: Monopoly of the trade between Spain and the Philippines - Visitation of ports in China and India (the ban of Manila merchants with Chinese and Indian merchants was lifted) Commercial relations between Europe and the colony flourished due to the company’s privileges, and revenues increased. However, the company failed in its two-fold aims. 1. The Spanish merchants were not accustomed to the ways of the company and did not fully cooperate 2. The company failed to establish direct commercial relationships with China, India, and Japan, causing them to go to middlemen paying higher prices. The Central 3. The company was poorly managed 4. Foreign vessels brought goods to Manila instead of the company’s own vessels. Government As a result of the failure, the Company was abolished in 1834. Thank you! We hope you all learned something today.