Social Psychology Slides PDF

INTRODUCTORY PSYCHOLOGY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2 AGENDA ▸ Social Thinking ▸ Social Influence ▸ Antisocial Relations ▸ Prosocial Relations SOCIAL THINKING: ATTRIBUTION AND PERSUASION SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 4 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 5 ATTRIBUTION ▸ How we explain s...

INTRODUCTORY PSYCHOLOGY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2 AGENDA ▸ Social Thinking ▸ Social Influence ▸ Antisocial Relations ▸ Prosocial Relations SOCIAL THINKING: ATTRIBUTION AND PERSUASION SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 4 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 5 ATTRIBUTION ▸ How we explain someone’s behavior ▸ Dispositional ▸ Situational SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 6 FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR ▸ Underestimate situation, overestimate disposition SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 7 ATTITUDES ▸ Feelings that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 8 PERIPHERAL ROUTE PERSUASION ▸ Incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 9 CENTRAL ROUTE PERSUASION ▸ Quality arguments SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 10 THE FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR PHENOMENON ▸ People who have first agreed to a small request to later comply with a larger request SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 11 THE DOOR-IN-THE-FACE PHENOMENON ▸ People to agree to a small, reasonable request, after a large, unreasonable request SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 12 STANFORD PRISON STUDY ▸ Adopt a new role, strive to follow the associated social standard, and eventually become it SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 13 COGNITIVE DISSONANCE ▸ State of discomfort when thoughts and actions are inconsistent SOCIAL INFLUENCE: CONFORMITY AND OBEDIENCE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 15 AUTOMATIC MIMICRY ▸ Mimicry increases empathy (i.e., chameleon effect) SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 16 CONFORMITY ▸ Adjusting behavior to coincide with group standard SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 17 NORMATIVE SOCIAL INFLUENCE ▸ Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 18 INFORMATIONAL SOCIAL INFLUENCE ▸ Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 19 OBEDIENCE ▸ Response to a direct order from another individual SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 20 MILGRAM OBEDIENCE STUDY ▸ Baseline: 65% of participants go to the highest shock (XXX) SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 21 WHAT INFLUENCES OBEDIENCE? ▸ Legitimate authority ▸ Prestigious institution ▸ Victim is depersonalized ▸ Role model for defiance SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 22 CAVEAT: EXPERIMENTERS PRODS ▸ “Please continue.” ▸ “The experiment requires you to continue; please go on.” ▸ “It is essential that you continue” ▸ “You have no choice; you must continue.” SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 23 REAL WORLD RESISTERS ▸ Commitment to beliefs ▸ Role models ▸ Support from one another ▸ Their own initial acts SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 24 SOCIAL FACILITATION ▸ Stronger responses on simple tasks in the presence of others SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 25 SOCIAL LOAFING ▸ People in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common goal SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 26 DEINDIVIDUATION ▸ Loss of self-awareness and restraint occurring in situations that foster arousal and anonymity SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 27 GROUP POLARIZATION ▸ Enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion with the group SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 28 GROUPTHINK ▸ Desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 29 MINORITY INFLUENCE ▸ The power of 1-2 individuals to sway the majority ANTISOCIAL RELATIONS: PREJUDICE AND AGGRESSION SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 31 PREJUDICE ▸ Unjustifiable, usually negative attitude toward a group and its members SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 32 PREJUDICE ▸ Mix of beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility), and predisposition to action (discrimination) SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 33 HOW PREJUDICED ARE WE? ▸ Overt versus subtle prejudice SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 34 DISCUSSION ▸ Think about a social group (i.e., gender, ethnicity, religion, nationality, political affiliation, sexual orientation, etc.) that you belong to. ▸ What sorts of stereotypes do people have about your group? ▸ Why do you think that stereotype exists? SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 35 JUST-WORLD PHENOMENON ▸ Tendency to believe the world is just and people get what they deserve SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 36 INGROUPS AND OUTGROUPS ▸ Ingroup: People with whom we share a common identity ▸ Outgroup: People perceived as different from our ingroup SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 37 INGROUP BIAS ▸ Tendency to favor one’s ingroup SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 38 SCAPEGOAT THEORY ▸ Prejudice provides someone to blame SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 39 OUTGROUP HOMOGENEITY EFFECT ▸ Tendency to overestimate homogeneity of outgroups SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 40 OTHER RACE EFFECT ▸ Greater recognition for faces of ingroup members, emerges during infancy SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 41 AGGRESSION ▸ Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 42 THE BIOLOGY OF AGGRESSION ▸ Genes impact nervous systems, influence hormones that control aggression SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 43 FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION PRINCIPLE ▸ Frustration leads to anger leads to aggression SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 44 REINFORCEMENT AND MODELING ▸ Different people and cultures model and reinforce different tendencies toward violence SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 45 SOCIAL SCRIPTS ▸ Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations PROSOCIAL RELATIONS: ATTRACTION, LOVE, AND ALTRUISM SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 47 MERE EXPOSURE EFFECT ▸ Repeated exposure increases liking SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 48 WHAT IS BEAUTIFUL IS GOOD STEREOTYPE ▸ Attractive people perceived as healthier, happier, more sensitive, successful, and socially skilled SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 49 PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS ▸ Women: youthful appearance, small waist-to-hip ratio, symmetry ▸ Men: symmetry, health, maturity, dominance, masculinity, affluence SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 50 DISCUSSION ▸ Do opposites attract? Or do birds of a feather flock together? SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 51 SIMILARITY ▸ Friends and couples more likely to share attitudes, beliefs, interests, ages, religions, races, education, intelligence, and economic status SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 52 REWARD THEORY OF ATTRACTION ▸ We like those who are rewarding to us, continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 53 PASSIONATE LOVE ▸ An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 54 TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF EMOTION ▸ Physical sensation and cognitive interpretation SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 55 COMPANIONATE LOVE ▸ Deep, affectionate attachment SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 56 LET’S STAY TOGETHER #1: EQUITY ▸ Equal giving and receiving ▸ Sharing self, possessions, decisions, emotional support, chores SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 57 LET’S STAY TOGETHER #2: SELF-DISCLOSURE ▸ Revealing intimate details creates trust, which increases self-disclosure, and on and on SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 58 LET’S STAY TOGETHER #3: POSITIVE SUPPORT ▸ 5:1 positive to negative interactions SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 59 BYSTANDER EFFECT ▸ People less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 60 THE NORMS FOR HELPING ▸ Social exchange theory ▸ Reciprocity norm ▸ Social-responsibility norm SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 61 PROMOTING PEACE: CONTACT ▸ Noncompetitive contact between parties of equal status ▸ Not always enough SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 62 PROMOTING PEACE: COOPERATION ▸ Superordinate goals: Shared goals that override differences and require cooperation SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 63 COMMUNICATION ▸ When conflicts become intense, mediation SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 64 PROMOTING PEACE: CONCILIATION ▸ GRIT: Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction ▸ Exchange of small conciliatory actions, leads to reciprocity SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 65 RECAP ▸ Social Thinking ▸ Social Influence ▸ Antisocial Relations ▸ Prosocial Relations