Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the fundamental attribution error involve?
What does the fundamental attribution error involve?
Which type of persuasion involves evaluating the quality of arguments?
Which type of persuasion involves evaluating the quality of arguments?
The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to which of the following behaviors?
The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to which of the following behaviors?
What does cognitive dissonance describe?
What does cognitive dissonance describe?
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What primarily drives normative social influence?
What primarily drives normative social influence?
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Which study is famous for demonstrating obedience to authority figures through the use of shocks?
Which study is famous for demonstrating obedience to authority figures through the use of shocks?
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What does automatic mimicry often lead to in social contexts?
What does automatic mimicry often lead to in social contexts?
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What is meant by informational social influence?
What is meant by informational social influence?
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What is the term for the loss of self-awareness and restraint occurring in situations that foster arousal and anonymity?
What is the term for the loss of self-awareness and restraint occurring in situations that foster arousal and anonymity?
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Which concept describes a group's enhancement of its prevailing inclinations through discussion?
Which concept describes a group's enhancement of its prevailing inclinations through discussion?
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What motivates real-world resistors to maintain their beliefs?
What motivates real-world resistors to maintain their beliefs?
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What is prejudice defined as within the context of social psychology?
What is prejudice defined as within the context of social psychology?
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What is the essence of groupthink?
What is the essence of groupthink?
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What key factor can lead to the power of minority influence?
What key factor can lead to the power of minority influence?
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What does the just-world phenomenon refer to?
What does the just-world phenomenon refer to?
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Which concept describes the tendency to favor one’s own group?
Which concept describes the tendency to favor one’s own group?
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What is the main idea of scapegoat theory?
What is the main idea of scapegoat theory?
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What is the main principle of the Reward Theory of Attraction?
What is the main principle of the Reward Theory of Attraction?
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What does the outgroup homogeneity effect describe?
What does the outgroup homogeneity effect describe?
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Which type of love is characterized by deep, affectionate attachment?
Which type of love is characterized by deep, affectionate attachment?
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Which principle states that frustration leads to aggression?
Which principle states that frustration leads to aggression?
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What does the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion emphasize as essential components of emotional experiences?
What does the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion emphasize as essential components of emotional experiences?
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What does the mere exposure effect imply?
What does the mere exposure effect imply?
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What fosters trust and deeper self-disclosure in relationships?
What fosters trust and deeper self-disclosure in relationships?
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What effect does the presence of bystanders have on an individual's likelihood to provide aid?
What effect does the presence of bystanders have on an individual's likelihood to provide aid?
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Which stereotype suggests that attractive individuals possess better personality traits?
Which stereotype suggests that attractive individuals possess better personality traits?
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What physical traits are typically associated with women's attractiveness?
What physical traits are typically associated with women's attractiveness?
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What is a key criterion for effective conflict resolution through communication?
What is a key criterion for effective conflict resolution through communication?
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What role does equity play in sustaining relationships?
What role does equity play in sustaining relationships?
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What is a potential outcome of superordinate goals in conflict resolution?
What is a potential outcome of superordinate goals in conflict resolution?
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Study Notes
Social Psychology Agenda
- Social Thinking (Attribution and Persuasion)
- Social Influence (Conformity, Obedience, and Group Processes)
- Antisocial Relations (Prejudice and Aggression)
- Prosocial Relations (Attraction, Love, and Altruism)
Social Thinking: Attribution and Persuasion
- Attribution: How we explain someone's behavior
- Dispositional: Attributing behavior to internal factors (personality)
- Situational: Attributing behavior to external factors (environment)
- Fundamental Attribution Error: Tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition when explaining others' behavior
Attitudes
- Attitudes: Feelings predisposing responses to objects, people, or events
Social Influence
- Conformity: Adjusting behavior to match group standards
- Obedience: Following direct orders from authority figures
- Milgram Obedience Study: A classic study demonstrating the power of authority. 65% of participants went to the highest shock level. Factors influencing obedience: legitimate authority, a prestigious institution, depersonalization of the victim, and role models (for defiance).
- Experimenter Prods: Phrases that pushed the participants to continue the experiment
- Automatic Mimicry: Mimicking others' behaviors, increases empathy.
- Normative Social Influence: Following group norms to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
- Informational Social Influence: Following group norms based on the belief that they possess more accurate information or insight about the situation.
Social Facilitation and Social Loafing
- Social Facilitation: Improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others.
- Social Loafing: Reduced effort exerted when pooling efforts towards a common goal
Deindividuation
- Deindividuation: Loss of self-awareness and restraint in situations fostering arousal and anonymity.
Group Polarization and Groupthink
- Group Polarization: Enhancement of prevailing inclinations through group discussion
- Groupthink: Desire for harmony overrides realistic evaluation of alternatives in a decision-making group
Minority Influence
- Minority Influence: The power of a few individuals to sway the majority.
Social Relations-Antisocial Behavior
- Prejudice: Unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members.
- Stereotypes, Emotions (hostility), and Predisposition to action (discrimination)
- How prejudiced are we?: Overt versus subtle prejudice
- Just-World Phenomenon: The tendency to believe the world is just and people get what they deserve.
- Ingroup/Outgroup Bias: Tendency to favor one's own group and view outgroups negatively
- Ingroup: People with whom we share a common identity
- Outgroup: People seen as different from our ingroup
- Ingroup Bias: Favoring one's ingroup
- Outgroup Homogeneity Effect: Tendency to perceive members of outgroups as more similar and stereotypical than they actually are
- Other-Race Effect: Greater recognition for faces of ingroup members
- Aggression: Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
- The Biology of Aggression: Genes, hormones (like testosterone)
- Frustration-Aggression Principle: Frustration leads to anger, which leads to aggression
- Reinforcement and Modeling: Cultural factors in shaping aggressive tendencies
Social Relations-Prosocial Behavior
- Mere Exposure Effect: Repeated exposure increases liking
- What is Beautiful is Good Stereotype: Attractive people are seen as healthier, happier, and more socially skilled
- Physical Attractiveness: Standards vary by gender
- Women: Youthful appearance, smaller waist-to-hip ratio, symmetry
- Men: Symmetry, health, maturity, dominance, masculinity, affluence
- Similarity: Friends and couples tend to share attitudes, beliefs, interests, ages, religions, and economic status
- Reward Theory of Attraction: We like those who are rewarding to us
- Passionate Love: Intense positive absorption in another
- Companionate Love: Deep affectionate attachment
- Let's Stay Together
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- Equity: Equal giving and receiving; sharing self, possessions, decisions, emotional support, and chores
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- Self-disclosure: Revealing intimate details creates trust, leading to further self-disclosure.
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- Positive support: Maintaining a 5:1 positive-to-negative interactional ratio
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- Bystander Effect: People are less likely to help when other bystanders are present
- Norms for Helping
- Social Exchange Theory: Balancing rewards versus costs of helping
- Reciprocity Norm: Helping those who help us -Social-Responsibility Norm: Helping those in need
- Promoting Peace
- Contact: Noncompetitive interactions between groups of equal standing
- Cooperation: Shared goals override differences
- Communication: Mediation when conflicts turn intense
- Conciliation: Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction
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