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Questions and Answers

What does the fundamental attribution error involve?

  • Underestimating situational factors (correct)
  • Ignoring both situation and disposition
  • Overestimating situational factors
  • Underestimating disposition
  • Which type of persuasion involves evaluating the quality of arguments?

  • Informational persuasion
  • Central route persuasion (correct)
  • Peripheral route persuasion
  • Coercive persuasion
  • The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to which of the following behaviors?

  • Complying with an unreasonable request first
  • Agreeing to a small request before a larger one (correct)
  • Agreeing to a larger request immediately
  • Denying all requests from others
  • What does cognitive dissonance describe?

    <p>Discomfort from inconsistent thoughts and actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily drives normative social influence?

    <p>Desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study is famous for demonstrating obedience to authority figures through the use of shocks?

    <p>Milgram obedience study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does automatic mimicry often lead to in social contexts?

    <p>Increased empathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by informational social influence?

    <p>Accepting others' opinions about reality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the loss of self-awareness and restraint occurring in situations that foster arousal and anonymity?

    <p>Deindividuation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept describes a group's enhancement of its prevailing inclinations through discussion?

    <p>Group Polarization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates real-world resistors to maintain their beliefs?

    <p>Role models (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is prejudice defined as within the context of social psychology?

    <p>An unjustifiable, usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essence of groupthink?

    <p>Desire for harmony that overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key factor can lead to the power of minority influence?

    <p>Presence of 1-2 individuals who advocate for change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the just-world phenomenon refer to?

    <p>Belief that people get what they deserve. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept describes the tendency to favor one’s own group?

    <p>Ingroup bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea of scapegoat theory?

    <p>Prejudice allows for a target to blame. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main principle of the Reward Theory of Attraction?

    <p>Relationships are maintained when rewards outweigh costs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the outgroup homogeneity effect describe?

    <p>Perception that outgroup members are more similar to each other. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of love is characterized by deep, affectionate attachment?

    <p>Companionate love (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle states that frustration leads to aggression?

    <p>Frustration-aggression principle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion emphasize as essential components of emotional experiences?

    <p>Physical sensation and cognitive interpretation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mere exposure effect imply?

    <p>Familiarity enhances liking. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fosters trust and deeper self-disclosure in relationships?

    <p>Revealing intimate details (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the presence of bystanders have on an individual's likelihood to provide aid?

    <p>Decreases the likelihood of aid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stereotype suggests that attractive individuals possess better personality traits?

    <p>Beautiful is good stereotype (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical traits are typically associated with women's attractiveness?

    <p>Youthful appearance and small waist-to-hip ratio. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key criterion for effective conflict resolution through communication?

    <p>Involvement of a mediator when conflicts become intense (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does equity play in sustaining relationships?

    <p>Equal giving and receiving fosters relationship longevity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of superordinate goals in conflict resolution?

    <p>Cooperation that transcends individual differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Just-World Phenomenon

    The tendency to believe that the world is fair and people get what they deserve.

    Ingroup Bias

    The tendency to favor one's own group.

    Scapegoat Theory

    Prejudice offers a target to blame.

    Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

    Overestimating the similarity of people in other groups.

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    Mere Exposure Effect

    Repeated contact increases liking.

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    Aggression

    Behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

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    Frustration-Aggression Principle

    Frustration leads to anger, which can lead to aggression.

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    Social Scripts

    Culturally learned guides for how to act.

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    Social Facilitation

    Improved performance on simple tasks when others are present.

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    Social Loafing

    Reduced effort by individuals in a group when working towards a common goal.

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    Deindividuation

    Loss of self-awareness and restraint in aroused and anonymous situations.

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    Group Polarization

    Increased strength of existing group beliefs when discussed.

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    Groupthink

    Harmony in decision-making over realistic alternatives, wanting to be accepted.

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    Prejudice

    Unjustified negative attitude towards a group.

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    Stereotypes

    Oversimplified, often negative, beliefs about a group.

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    Minority Influence

    Power of a small number of people to convince a larger group.

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    Fundamental Attribution Error

    The tendency to overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of the situation in explaining the behavior of others.

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    Cognitive Dissonance

    A state of discomfort when our actions and beliefs clash.

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    Peripheral Route Persuasion

    Persuasion that relies on superficial cues like attractiveness or popularity rather than the arguments themselves.

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    Central Route Persuasion

    Persuasion based on the quality and strength of the arguments presented.

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    Automatic Mimicry

    Unconsciously copying the behaviors, expressions, and postures of others.

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    Conformity

    Adjusting one's behavior to align with the standards of a group.

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    Milgram Obedience Study

    A famous study that measured the willingness of participants to obey an authority figure, even when it involved harming another person.

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    Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

    The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to later comply with a larger request.

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    Reward Theory of Attraction

    We like those who reward us and continue relationships offering more rewards than costs.

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    Passionate Love

    A strong, positive emotional absorption in another person.

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    Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

    Emotions arise from physical sensations (like a racing heart) and how we interpret those sensations.

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    Companionate Love

    Deep, affectionate attachment and caring for another over time.

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    Bystander Effect

    People are less likely to help if other people are present.

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    Equity in Relationships

    Relationships where both partners give and receive equally (self, possessions, decisions, support, chores).

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    Self-Disclosure in Relationships

    Revealing intimate details creates trust, which increases self-disclosure.

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    Promoting Peace through Cooperation

    Shared goals (superordinate goals) can overcome differences and encourage cooperation.

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    Study Notes

    Social Psychology Agenda

    • Social Thinking (Attribution and Persuasion)
    • Social Influence (Conformity, Obedience, and Group Processes)
    • Antisocial Relations (Prejudice and Aggression)
    • Prosocial Relations (Attraction, Love, and Altruism)

    Social Thinking: Attribution and Persuasion

    • Attribution: How we explain someone's behavior
      • Dispositional: Attributing behavior to internal factors (personality)
      • Situational: Attributing behavior to external factors (environment)
    • Fundamental Attribution Error: Tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition when explaining others' behavior

    Attitudes

    • Attitudes: Feelings predisposing responses to objects, people, or events

    Social Influence

    • Conformity: Adjusting behavior to match group standards
    • Obedience: Following direct orders from authority figures
      • Milgram Obedience Study: A classic study demonstrating the power of authority. 65% of participants went to the highest shock level. Factors influencing obedience: legitimate authority, a prestigious institution, depersonalization of the victim, and role models (for defiance).
      • Experimenter Prods: Phrases that pushed the participants to continue the experiment
    • Automatic Mimicry: Mimicking others' behaviors, increases empathy.
    • Normative Social Influence: Following group norms to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
    • Informational Social Influence: Following group norms based on the belief that they possess more accurate information or insight about the situation.

    Social Facilitation and Social Loafing

    • Social Facilitation: Improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others.
    • Social Loafing: Reduced effort exerted when pooling efforts towards a common goal

    Deindividuation

    • Deindividuation: Loss of self-awareness and restraint in situations fostering arousal and anonymity.

    Group Polarization and Groupthink

    • Group Polarization: Enhancement of prevailing inclinations through group discussion
    • Groupthink: Desire for harmony overrides realistic evaluation of alternatives in a decision-making group

    Minority Influence

    • Minority Influence: The power of a few individuals to sway the majority.

    Social Relations-Antisocial Behavior

    • Prejudice: Unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members.
      • Stereotypes, Emotions (hostility), and Predisposition to action (discrimination)
      • How prejudiced are we?: Overt versus subtle prejudice
      • Just-World Phenomenon: The tendency to believe the world is just and people get what they deserve.
    • Ingroup/Outgroup Bias: Tendency to favor one's own group and view outgroups negatively
      • Ingroup: People with whom we share a common identity
      • Outgroup: People seen as different from our ingroup
      • Ingroup Bias: Favoring one's ingroup
      • Outgroup Homogeneity Effect: Tendency to perceive members of outgroups as more similar and stereotypical than they actually are
      • Other-Race Effect: Greater recognition for faces of ingroup members
    • Aggression: Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
      • The Biology of Aggression: Genes, hormones (like testosterone)
      • Frustration-Aggression Principle: Frustration leads to anger, which leads to aggression
      • Reinforcement and Modeling: Cultural factors in shaping aggressive tendencies

    Social Relations-Prosocial Behavior

    • Mere Exposure Effect: Repeated exposure increases liking
    • What is Beautiful is Good Stereotype: Attractive people are seen as healthier, happier, and more socially skilled
    • Physical Attractiveness: Standards vary by gender
      • Women: Youthful appearance, smaller waist-to-hip ratio, symmetry
      • Men: Symmetry, health, maturity, dominance, masculinity, affluence
    • Similarity: Friends and couples tend to share attitudes, beliefs, interests, ages, religions, and economic status
    • Reward Theory of Attraction: We like those who are rewarding to us
    • Passionate Love: Intense positive absorption in another
    • Companionate Love: Deep affectionate attachment
    • Let's Stay Together
        1. Equity: Equal giving and receiving; sharing self, possessions, decisions, emotional support, and chores
        1. Self-disclosure: Revealing intimate details creates trust, leading to further self-disclosure.
        1. Positive support: Maintaining a 5:1 positive-to-negative interactional ratio
    • Bystander Effect: People are less likely to help when other bystanders are present
    • Norms for Helping
      • Social Exchange Theory: Balancing rewards versus costs of helping
      • Reciprocity Norm: Helping those who help us -Social-Responsibility Norm: Helping those in need
    • Promoting Peace
      • Contact: Noncompetitive interactions between groups of equal standing
      • Cooperation: Shared goals override differences
      • Communication: Mediation when conflicts turn intense
      • Conciliation: Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction

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