Lecture 13: General Pathology and Medical Terminologies PDF

Lecture 13 (Last Lecture) General Pathology and Medical Terminologies Dr Mohammad Shahid Iqbal M.D Assistant Professor of Pathology 1  General pathology and medical terms Pathology: The branch of medicine that deals with the essential nature of disease and the changes in...

Lecture 13 (Last Lecture) General Pathology and Medical Terminologies Dr Mohammad Shahid Iqbal M.D Assistant Professor of Pathology 1  General pathology and medical terms Pathology: The branch of medicine that deals with the essential nature of disease and the changes in body tissues and organs which cause or are caused by disease; the structural and functional manifestations of disease. Pathogen: A disease-causing microorganism or agent. Pathogenesis: The development of disease; specifically the cellular events and reactions and mechanisms occurring in the development of disease (Mechanism of disease) Pathognomonic: Characteristic or indicative of a disease; denoting symptoms or finding, specific for a given disease and not found in any other condition. PATHOGENESIS  PATHOGENESIS PATHOGEN  PATHOGENESIS PATHOGEN PATHOGNOMONIC Consolidated opacities  General pathology and medical terms Abscess: A localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by disintegration of tissues Acute: A disease with sudden onset of signs and a short course Adhesion: In close proximity; joining of parts to one another which may occur abnormally as in a fibrous band of scar tissue that Oral abscess binds together normally separate anatomical structures  General pathology and medical terms Anastomosis: A connection between two blood vessels or tubes Anencephaly: Markedly defective development of the brain, cerebral hemispheres absent or reduced to small masses, together with absence of the bones of the cranium. Aneurysm: A ballooning out of the wall of a blood vessel or a heart chamber due to a weakening of the wall by disease or injury. Angina: Spasmodic, choking or suffocating pain. Angina pectoris: Paroxysmal pain in the chest often radiating to the arms; usually due to interference with the supply of oxygen to the heart muscle; often precipitated by excitement or effort  General pathology and medical terms Angiogenesis: The formation of new blood vessels Anomaly: An irregularity or deviation from normal; an abnormal structure Antibody: An immunoglobulin molecule that reacts with a specific antigen that induced its synthesis. Teeth anomaly Antigen: Any substance, almost always a protein, not normally present in the body which when introduced to the body stimulates a specific immune response and the production of antibodies Anomaly: Polydactyly  General pathology and medical terms Biopsy: Removal and examination, usually microscopic, of tissue from the living body, performed to establish a precise diagnosis Carcinogen: a substance that causes cancer  General pathology and medical terms Ascites: Accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity Auscultation: Listening for sounds within the body; it may be performed with the unaided ear or with a stethoscope Cellulitis Bacteremia: The presence of bacteria in the blood Cellulitis: Inflammation of the soft or connective tissue in which a Orbital thin, watery exudate spreads cellulitis through the tissue spaces  General pathology and medical terms Chronic: A condition with slow onset, mild but continuous manifestations and long-lasting, often progressive effects Contusion : A bruise; an injury of a part without a break in the skin, characterized by swelling, discoloration, Contusion and pain. Cyanosis: A bluish discoloration of skin, lips, nail beds or mucous membranes due to excessive concentrations of reduced hemoglobin in blood and hence deficient oxygenation of blood. Cyanosis  General pathology and medical terms Cytology: The study of cells, their origin, structure, function and pathology; the microscopic examination of cells as a means of detecting malignancy and microbiologic changes. Cells can be Oral cytology obtained by aspiration, washing, smear or scraping. Diverticulum : A pouch or sac occurring normally or created by the bulging of a membrane through a defect in the muscular coat of a tubular organ, such as the intestine Dysphagia: Painful or difficulty swallowing Diverticulum  General pathology and medical terms Ectopic : Out of place; an object or organ situated in an unusual place away from its normal position. Epidemiology: The study of the relationships of various factors determining the frequency and distribution of diseases in the human community; also the field of medicine dealing with the determination of specific causes of localized outbreaks of infection, poisoning or other disease of recognized etiology. Erythema of face Erythema : Diffuse or patchy redness of skin, blanching on pressure, due to congestion of cutaneous capillaries  General pathology and medical terms Fistula: An abnormal passage or communication from one organ to another or from an internal organ to the body surface; may be caused by disease or injury or created surgically. Hematemesis: The vomiting of blood Hematoma : A localized mass of blood, usually clotted, trapped in an organ, space, or tissue, resulting from a break in the wall of a blood vessels Hematuria :The presence of blood in the urine Hemoptysis: The spitting of blood or blood- stained sputum Dental fistula  General pathology and medical terms Hypersensitivity : A state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to a foreign agent Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of a tissue, usually due to a decrease in number of cells Hypoxia: Reduced supply of oxygen to tissues (below physiologic levels) despite normal blood perfusion. Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians; usually used for any adverse condition in a patient resulting from treatment by a physician or surgeon  General pathology and medical terms Idiopathic: Occurring without a known cause Indurated: Hardened, firm. Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, usually due to functional constriction or actual obstruction or blockage of a blood vessel Jaundice: Yellowness of the skin, sclera, mucous membranes and excretions due to increased bilirubin in the blood and deposition of bile pigments. Karyotype: The chromosomal constitution of the Karyotype cell nucleus; the photographic representation of the chromosomes for analysis  General pathology and medical terms Lumen: Opening, e.g. of a blood vessel through which blood flows, or in a gland or organ Lymphadenopathy: Disease of the lymph nodes/Enlarged nodes Morbidity: The condition of being diseased or sick; the 'sick' rate, i.e. the ratio of sick to well persons in a community. Mortality: The quality of being mortal or alive; the 'death' rate, i.e. the number of people dying in a given population. Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in a hospital  General pathology and medical terms Occlusion : Closing or shutting off, e.g. shutting off a blood vessel by a blockage of the opening. Occult: Not visible to the naked eye or hidden from view Osteoarthritis: Degenerative disease of joint cartilage. Palsy: Paralysis Paraparesis: Weakness affecting the lower extremities. Paraplegia: Paralysis of the lower limbs. Paresthesia: Any abnormal sensation, such as burning, tingling, or a "pins and needles" feeling, often in the absence of external stimuli  General pathology and medical terms Paroxysmal: Recurring "sudden attacks" of symptoms Perfusion: Transport of blood through blood vessels from heart to internal organs, tissues Periosteum: A specialized connective tissue covering all bones and having bone-forming potential. Peristalsis: A wave of contractions and relaxations of the digestive tract propelling its contents towards the anus. Polymorphonuclear: Having a nucleus so deeply lobed or so divided as to appear multiple  General pathology and medical terms Prognosis: A forecast of the course and probable outcome of a disorder Prophylaxis: To prevent disease; preventive treatment Pus : A protein rich liquid inflammation product made up of cells (white blood cells or leukocytes), a thin fluid, and cellular debris Pyogenic: Producing pus Pyrexia: A fever or febrile condition. Pyrogen: A fever-producing substance  General pathology and medical terms Quadriplegia: Being paralysed in all four limbs; unable to use arms and legs. Regurgitation: Flow in the opposite direction than normal, e.g. throwing up of undigested food; backflow of blood through a defective heart valve. Relapse: A return to a previous poor or ill condition. Reperfusion: The flooding of tissue with blood after it has suffered ischemia or a loss of blood supply.  General pathology and medical terms Sclerosis: Abnormal hardening of tissue Scurvy: A disease caused by insufficient intake of vitamin C. Sequela(e): The consequence(s) following a disease Sign: An objective indication or evidence of disease discovered on examination of a patient. Spasm: A sudden, violent, involuntary muscle contraction; a sudden tightening of a passage or canal  General pathology and medical terms Stenosis: Narrowing or contraction of a duct or canal Stricture: An abnormal narrowing of a duct or passage Stroma: The connective tissue framework of an organ or other structure, as distinguished from the tissues performing the special function of the organ. Symptom: Subjective evidence of disease as perceived and reported by a patient Syncope: Fainting; temporary loss of consciousness due to reduced oxygen delivery to the brain. Stricture  General pathology and medical terms Tachycardia: Abnormally fast heart beat Thrombocytopenia: An abnormally small number or decrease of circulating platelets in the blood. Transient: Of short duration, momentary Ulcer: A local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue produced by the sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue. Vertigo: A sensation of spinning or whirling Ulcer motion Virulence: The degree of pathogenecity of a microorganism as indicated by the severity of disease produced and the ability to invade the tissues of the host Thank You