General Pathology and Medical Terminologies
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What does the term 'pathology' refer to?

  • Branch of medicine concerned with the nature of disease and body changes (correct)
  • A type of treatment for chronic conditions
  • Study of anatomy and its functions
  • Study of infectious diseases only

    • Which term describes a disease-causing microorganism?

  • Pathogenesis
  • Pathogen (correct)
  • Pathophysiology
  • Perpetrator

    • What does 'pathognomonic' indicate?

  • A characteristic of well-being
  • A treatment method for diseases
  • A general sign of infection
  • A symptom specific to a particular disease (correct)

    • What condition is described as a localized collection of pus?

    <p>Abscess (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'anastomosis' refer to in medical terminology?

    <p>A connection between two blood vessels or tubes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the abnormal development of the brain?

    <p>Anencephaly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is angiogenesis?

    <p>Formation of new blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes angina pectoris?

    <p>Spasmodic pain in the chest related to heart oxygen supply (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an antigen?

    <p>A protein not normally present in the body that stimulates an immune response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a biopsy?

    <p>To establish a precise diagnosis by examining tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes ascites?

    <p>Accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cellulitis refer to?

    <p>Inflammation of soft or connective tissue causing exudate spread (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a chronic condition?

    <p>A long-lasting condition with mild and continuous symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cyanosis a sign of?

    <p>Insufficient oxygenation of blood indicated by bluish discoloration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cytology study?

    <p>Cells, including their structure, origin, and pathology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ectopic condition?

    <p>An organ located away from its normal position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a forecast of the course and probable outcome of a disorder?

    <p>Prognosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the paralysis of the lower limbs?

    <p>Paraplegia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of nosocomial?

    <p>Originating in a hospital (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term occlusion refer to?

    <p>Closing or shutting off (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the production of pus?

    <p>Pyogenic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term paresthesia describe?

    <p>Abnormal sensations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin C?

    <p>Scurvy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of reperfusion?

    <p>Increased blood flow to tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of epidemiology?

    <p>Studying the relationships of factors affecting disease frequency and distribution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does erythema refer to?

    <p>Redness of the skin due to capillary congestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fistula?

    <p>An abnormal passage between organs or to the body surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hematemesis?

    <p>The vomiting of blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hypoxia refer to?

    <p>A reduced supply of oxygen to tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition does jaundice describe?

    <p>Yellowness of the skin and mucous membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term ischemia refer to?

    <p>A deficiency of blood in a specific area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term idiopathic?

    <p>Arising without a known cause (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Pathology

    The branch of medicine studying the nature and causes of disease in body tissues and organs.

    Pathogen

    A microorganism or agent that causes disease.

    Pathogenesis

    The development of disease, including cellular events and mechanisms.

    Pathognomonic

    A characteristic symptom or sign unique to a particular disease.

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    Abscess

    A localized collection of pus in a cavity.

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    Acute disease

    A disease with sudden onset and short duration.

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    Adhesion

    The joining of parts, often abnormally, as in scar tissue.

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    Anencephaly

    Defective brain development, often with missing or underdeveloped brain parts and skull bones.

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    Antigen

    A substance that triggers an immune response in the body, often a protein not normally found there.

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    Biopsy

    The removal and examination of living tissue to diagnose a condition.

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    Ascites

    A buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity.

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    Cellulitis

    Inflammation of soft tissue, often with a watery spread.

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    Chronic Condition

    A condition with a slow onset, mild, ongoing symptoms, and lasting effects.

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    Contusion

    A bruise: an injury without skin break, causing swelling, discoloration, and pain.

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    Diverticulum

    A pouch or sac that bulges out from an organ's wall.

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    Dysphagia

    Difficulty or painful swallowing.

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    Epidemiology

    The study of how diseases spread and affect populations, including factors like how often they occur and where they happen.

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    Erythema

    Redness of the skin caused by blood vessel dilation, usually with a blanching effect when pressed.

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    Fistula

    An abnormal passage or connection between two organs or between an organ and the body surface.

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    Hematemesis

    Vomiting blood.

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    Hematoma

    A collection of blood trapped in an organ, space, or tissue, often due to injury.

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    Hematuria

    Blood in the urine.

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    Hemoptysis

    Coughing up blood or bloody sputum.

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    Hypersensitivity

    An exaggerated immune response to a foreign substance.

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    Morbidity

    The ratio of sick individuals to healthy individuals within a community.

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    Mortality

    The death rate within a given population.

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    Nosocomial

    A condition that originates in a hospital.

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    Occlusion

    A blockage or closing off, often in a blood vessel.

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    Osteoarthritis

    A degenerative disease that damages joint cartilage.

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    Paralysis

    Complete loss of movement in a part of the body.

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    Perfusion

    The process of blood being transported through blood vessels to organs and tissues.

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    Peristalsis

    Wave-like contractions and relaxations of the digestive tract that move food towards the anus.

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    Study Notes

    General Pathology and Medical Terminologies

    • Pathology: The study of disease, including the essential nature of disease, changes in body tissues and organs caused by disease, the structural and functional manifestations of disease.
    • Pathogen: A microorganism or agent that causes disease.
    • Pathogenesis: The development of disease, including the cellular events, reactions, and mechanisms involved.
    • Pathognomonic: Characteristic of a specific disease and not found in any other condition; indicative symptoms or findings.
    • Abscess: A localized collection of pus formed by the disintegration of tissues.
    • Acute: A disease with a sudden onset and short course.
    • Adhesion: The close joining of parts, abnormally, often via fibrous scar tissue.

    Pathogenesis (Example, SARS-CoV-2)

    • The lecture notes provide a visual representation of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, highlighting the processes in lung alveoli.
    • The process involves a cytokine storm, involving inflammatory cytokines like IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2; CXCL10, and CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5.
    • Other organs affected, including liver (AST, ALT, CK, BUN), kidneys, and blood/immune cells are also noted (e.g., D-cells, macrophages, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, lymphocytopenia).
    • This illustration explains the mechanism of this disease.

    Additional Medical Terms

    • Anastomosis: A connection between two blood vessels or tubes.
    • Anencephaly: A severely defective development of the brain, with an absence (or reduced size) of the cerebral hemispheres and the bones of the cranium.
    • Aneurysm: A ballooning out of the wall of a blood vessel or a heart chamber due to weakening of the vessel wall.
    • Angina: Spasmodic, choking or suffocating pain, often radiating to the arms. Angina pectoris specifically relates to chest pain associated with oxygen deprivation to the heart muscle, often triggered by exertion or stress.
    • Angiogenesis: Formation of new blood vessels.
    • Anomaly: A deviation from what is normal or standard.
    • Antibody: An immunoglobulin that reacts with a specific antigen.
    • Antigen: Any substance (mostly a protein) that, when introduced to the body, triggers an immune response, often inducing the production of antibodies.
    • Biopsy: The removal and microscopic examination of tissue to diagnose a condition.
    • Carcinogen: A substance that causes cancer.
    • Ascites: Accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity.
    • Auscultation: Listening to sounds within the body, aiding in diagnosis.

    Additional Medical Terms (cont'd)

    • Bacteremia: The presence of bacteria in the blood.
    • Cellulitis: Inflammation of soft connective tissue, in which a thin, watery exudate spreads.
    • Chronic: A disease with a slow onset, mild manifestations, and a long lasting or persistent course.
    • Contusion: A bruise; an injury to soft tissues without breaking the skin.
    • Cyanosis: A bluish discoloration of skin, lips, and/or nail beds, indicating a lack of oxygen in the blood.
    • Cytology: The study of cells, their origin, structure, function, and pathology.
    • Diverticulum: A pouch or sac that bulges through a defect in the lining of a tubular organ, such as the intestine.
    • Dysphagia: Painful or difficult swallowing.
    • Ectopic: Occurring in an unusual place or position.
    • Epidemiology: The study of the factors that influence the frequency and distribution of diseases in a population.
    • Erythema: Redness of the skin due to inflammation & blood flow (can blanch with pressure)
    • Fistula: An abnormal passage or opening between two organs or between an organ and the surface of the body.
    • Hematemesis: Vomiting of blood.
    • Hematoma: A localized collection of clotted blood.
    • Hematuria: Blood in the urine.
    • Hemoptysis: Spitting up blood.

    More Medical Terms

    • Hypersensitivity: An exaggerated immune reaction to an antigen.
    • Hypoplasia: Incomplete or inadequate development of a tissue or organ.
    • Hypoxia: Reduced oxygen supply to tissues, despite normal blood flow.
    • Idiopathic: Having no known cause; unknown origin.
    • Indurated: Hardened, firm in texture.
    • Ischemia: Deficiency of blood supply to a tissue or organ.
    • Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes due to high bilirubin levels in the blood.
    • Karyotype: Chromosomal makeup of a cell, which can be used to help in diagnosis.
    • Lumen: The opening or channel within a tube, vessel, or organ.
    • Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes.
    • Morbidity: Level of illness or disease in a population.
    • Mortality: Death rate in a population or group.
    • Nosocomial: Refers to an infection acquired in a hospital.
    • Occlusion: Closing or obstructing (e.g., a blood vessel).
    • Occult: Hidden; not readily apparent to the naked eye.
    • Osteoarthritis: Degenerative joint disease.

    More Medical Terms (cont'd)

    • Palsy (Paralysis): Loss of muscle function.
    • Paraparesis: Weakness in the lower half of the body.
    • Paraplegia: Paralysis of the lower half of the body.
    • Paresthesia: Abnormal sensations such as tingling, burning, numbness (e.g., a "pins and needles" feeling).
    • Paroxysmal: Recurring, sudden attacks.
    • Perfusion: Transport of blood to an organ or tissue.
    • Periosteum: Membrane covering the surface of a bone.
    • Peristalsis: Wave-like muscle contractions that move materials through a tube-like organ (e.g., the digestive tract).
    • Polymorphonuclear: Having a multi-lobed nucleus (like certain white blood cells).
    • Prognosis: Prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disease.
    • Prophylaxis: Measures taken to prevent a disease or condition.
    • Pus: Exudate from inflammation, containing white blood cells, fluid and cellular debris.
    • Pyogenic: Producing pus.
    • Pyrexia (Fever): Elevated body temperature.
    • Pyrogen: Substance that induces fever.
    • Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia): Paralysis of all four limbs.

    More Medical Terms (cont'd)

    • Regurgitation: Movement of contents in a direction opposite to normal (e.g., flowing backward through a heart valve).
    • Relapse: Return of a previous disease or symptom after a period of improvement.
    • Reperfusion: Restoration of blood flow into an area that has been deprived.
    • Sclerosis: Abnormal hardening of tissue.
    • Scurvy: Vitamin C deficiency disease.
    • Sequela: The secondary or long-term consequences of a primary disease or event.
    • Sign: Objective, observable indicator of a disease (e.g., visible swelling).
    • Spasm: Sudden, involuntary muscle contraction.
    • Stenosis: Narrowing of a duct, canal, or passageway.
    • Stricture: Abnormal narrowing of a duct or passageway.
    • Stroma: Supporting connective tissue framework of an organ.
    • Symptom: Subjective description of a disease or condition reported by a patient.
    • Syncope: Temporary loss of consciousness due to insufficient blood flow to the brain.
    • Tachycardia: Abnormally fast heart rate.
    • Thrombocytopenia: Low platelet count in the blood.
    • Transient: Short lived; lasting for a brief period.
    • Ulcer: Open sore on a surface of an organ.
    • Vertigo: A sensation of spinning or whirling motion.
    • Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism.

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    Lecture 13: General Pathology and Medical Terminologies PDF

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    This quiz covers essential concepts in general pathology, including definitions and examples of key medical terms. Explore topics like pathogenesis, pathogens, and specific disease characteristics, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2. Test your knowledge of how diseases develop and their associated terminology.

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