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Questions and Answers
What does the term 'pathology' refer to?
What does the term 'pathology' refer to?
Which term describes a disease-causing microorganism?
Which term describes a disease-causing microorganism?
What does 'pathognomonic' indicate?
What does 'pathognomonic' indicate?
What condition is described as a localized collection of pus?
What condition is described as a localized collection of pus?
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What does 'anastomosis' refer to in medical terminology?
What does 'anastomosis' refer to in medical terminology?
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Which term describes the abnormal development of the brain?
Which term describes the abnormal development of the brain?
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What is angiogenesis?
What is angiogenesis?
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What characterizes angina pectoris?
What characterizes angina pectoris?
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What is an antigen?
What is an antigen?
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What is the primary purpose of a biopsy?
What is the primary purpose of a biopsy?
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Which of the following describes ascites?
Which of the following describes ascites?
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What does cellulitis refer to?
What does cellulitis refer to?
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What defines a chronic condition?
What defines a chronic condition?
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What is cyanosis a sign of?
What is cyanosis a sign of?
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What does cytology study?
What does cytology study?
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What is an ectopic condition?
What is an ectopic condition?
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What term describes a forecast of the course and probable outcome of a disorder?
What term describes a forecast of the course and probable outcome of a disorder?
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Which term refers to the paralysis of the lower limbs?
Which term refers to the paralysis of the lower limbs?
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What is the definition of nosocomial?
What is the definition of nosocomial?
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What does the term occlusion refer to?
What does the term occlusion refer to?
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Which term refers to the production of pus?
Which term refers to the production of pus?
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What does the term paresthesia describe?
What does the term paresthesia describe?
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Which condition is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin C?
Which condition is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin C?
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What is the meaning of reperfusion?
What is the meaning of reperfusion?
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What is the primary focus of epidemiology?
What is the primary focus of epidemiology?
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What does erythema refer to?
What does erythema refer to?
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What is a fistula?
What is a fistula?
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What is hematemesis?
What is hematemesis?
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What does hypoxia refer to?
What does hypoxia refer to?
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What condition does jaundice describe?
What condition does jaundice describe?
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What does the term ischemia refer to?
What does the term ischemia refer to?
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What is meant by the term idiopathic?
What is meant by the term idiopathic?
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Study Notes
General Pathology and Medical Terminologies
- Pathology: The study of disease, including the essential nature of disease, changes in body tissues and organs caused by disease, the structural and functional manifestations of disease.
- Pathogen: A microorganism or agent that causes disease.
- Pathogenesis: The development of disease, including the cellular events, reactions, and mechanisms involved.
- Pathognomonic: Characteristic of a specific disease and not found in any other condition; indicative symptoms or findings.
- Abscess: A localized collection of pus formed by the disintegration of tissues.
- Acute: A disease with a sudden onset and short course.
- Adhesion: The close joining of parts, abnormally, often via fibrous scar tissue.
Pathogenesis (Example, SARS-CoV-2)
- The lecture notes provide a visual representation of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, highlighting the processes in lung alveoli.
- The process involves a cytokine storm, involving inflammatory cytokines like IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2; CXCL10, and CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5.
- Other organs affected, including liver (AST, ALT, CK, BUN), kidneys, and blood/immune cells are also noted (e.g., D-cells, macrophages, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, lymphocytopenia).
- This illustration explains the mechanism of this disease.
Additional Medical Terms
- Anastomosis: A connection between two blood vessels or tubes.
- Anencephaly: A severely defective development of the brain, with an absence (or reduced size) of the cerebral hemispheres and the bones of the cranium.
- Aneurysm: A ballooning out of the wall of a blood vessel or a heart chamber due to weakening of the vessel wall.
- Angina: Spasmodic, choking or suffocating pain, often radiating to the arms. Angina pectoris specifically relates to chest pain associated with oxygen deprivation to the heart muscle, often triggered by exertion or stress.
- Angiogenesis: Formation of new blood vessels.
- Anomaly: A deviation from what is normal or standard.
- Antibody: An immunoglobulin that reacts with a specific antigen.
- Antigen: Any substance (mostly a protein) that, when introduced to the body, triggers an immune response, often inducing the production of antibodies.
- Biopsy: The removal and microscopic examination of tissue to diagnose a condition.
- Carcinogen: A substance that causes cancer.
- Ascites: Accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity.
- Auscultation: Listening to sounds within the body, aiding in diagnosis.
Additional Medical Terms (cont'd)
- Bacteremia: The presence of bacteria in the blood.
- Cellulitis: Inflammation of soft connective tissue, in which a thin, watery exudate spreads.
- Chronic: A disease with a slow onset, mild manifestations, and a long lasting or persistent course.
- Contusion: A bruise; an injury to soft tissues without breaking the skin.
- Cyanosis: A bluish discoloration of skin, lips, and/or nail beds, indicating a lack of oxygen in the blood.
- Cytology: The study of cells, their origin, structure, function, and pathology.
- Diverticulum: A pouch or sac that bulges through a defect in the lining of a tubular organ, such as the intestine.
- Dysphagia: Painful or difficult swallowing.
- Ectopic: Occurring in an unusual place or position.
- Epidemiology: The study of the factors that influence the frequency and distribution of diseases in a population.
- Erythema: Redness of the skin due to inflammation & blood flow (can blanch with pressure)
- Fistula: An abnormal passage or opening between two organs or between an organ and the surface of the body.
- Hematemesis: Vomiting of blood.
- Hematoma: A localized collection of clotted blood.
- Hematuria: Blood in the urine.
- Hemoptysis: Spitting up blood.
More Medical Terms
- Hypersensitivity: An exaggerated immune reaction to an antigen.
- Hypoplasia: Incomplete or inadequate development of a tissue or organ.
- Hypoxia: Reduced oxygen supply to tissues, despite normal blood flow.
- Idiopathic: Having no known cause; unknown origin.
- Indurated: Hardened, firm in texture.
- Ischemia: Deficiency of blood supply to a tissue or organ.
- Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes due to high bilirubin levels in the blood.
- Karyotype: Chromosomal makeup of a cell, which can be used to help in diagnosis.
- Lumen: The opening or channel within a tube, vessel, or organ.
- Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes.
- Morbidity: Level of illness or disease in a population.
- Mortality: Death rate in a population or group.
- Nosocomial: Refers to an infection acquired in a hospital.
- Occlusion: Closing or obstructing (e.g., a blood vessel).
- Occult: Hidden; not readily apparent to the naked eye.
- Osteoarthritis: Degenerative joint disease.
More Medical Terms (cont'd)
- Palsy (Paralysis): Loss of muscle function.
- Paraparesis: Weakness in the lower half of the body.
- Paraplegia: Paralysis of the lower half of the body.
- Paresthesia: Abnormal sensations such as tingling, burning, numbness (e.g., a "pins and needles" feeling).
- Paroxysmal: Recurring, sudden attacks.
- Perfusion: Transport of blood to an organ or tissue.
- Periosteum: Membrane covering the surface of a bone.
- Peristalsis: Wave-like muscle contractions that move materials through a tube-like organ (e.g., the digestive tract).
- Polymorphonuclear: Having a multi-lobed nucleus (like certain white blood cells).
- Prognosis: Prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disease.
- Prophylaxis: Measures taken to prevent a disease or condition.
- Pus: Exudate from inflammation, containing white blood cells, fluid and cellular debris.
- Pyogenic: Producing pus.
- Pyrexia (Fever): Elevated body temperature.
- Pyrogen: Substance that induces fever.
- Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia): Paralysis of all four limbs.
More Medical Terms (cont'd)
- Regurgitation: Movement of contents in a direction opposite to normal (e.g., flowing backward through a heart valve).
- Relapse: Return of a previous disease or symptom after a period of improvement.
- Reperfusion: Restoration of blood flow into an area that has been deprived.
- Sclerosis: Abnormal hardening of tissue.
- Scurvy: Vitamin C deficiency disease.
- Sequela: The secondary or long-term consequences of a primary disease or event.
- Sign: Objective, observable indicator of a disease (e.g., visible swelling).
- Spasm: Sudden, involuntary muscle contraction.
- Stenosis: Narrowing of a duct, canal, or passageway.
- Stricture: Abnormal narrowing of a duct or passageway.
- Stroma: Supporting connective tissue framework of an organ.
- Symptom: Subjective description of a disease or condition reported by a patient.
- Syncope: Temporary loss of consciousness due to insufficient blood flow to the brain.
- Tachycardia: Abnormally fast heart rate.
- Thrombocytopenia: Low platelet count in the blood.
- Transient: Short lived; lasting for a brief period.
- Ulcer: Open sore on a surface of an organ.
- Vertigo: A sensation of spinning or whirling motion.
- Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in general pathology, including definitions and examples of key medical terms. Explore topics like pathogenesis, pathogens, and specific disease characteristics, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2. Test your knowledge of how diseases develop and their associated terminology.
