Macromolecules PDF
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Uploaded by AdjustableGray6290
KU Leuven
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Summary
This document provides a well-organized breakdown of the key macromolecules in biology. It includes concise explanations of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids - their structures, functions, and classifications. It is a good study resource for students.
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# **Macromolecules** ## **Carbohydrates** - Composed of C, H, and O - Ratio: 1:2:1 - Monomer: Monosaccharide - **Glucose** - Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose - **Structural:** - Cellulose: found in plant cell walls - Chitin: found in fungal cell walls, and exoskeletons of arthropo...
# **Macromolecules** ## **Carbohydrates** - Composed of C, H, and O - Ratio: 1:2:1 - Monomer: Monosaccharide - **Glucose** - Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose - **Structural:** - Cellulose: found in plant cell walls - Chitin: found in fungal cell walls, and exoskeletons of arthropods - **Storage:** - Starch: found in plants - Glycogen: found in animals - **Starch vs. Cellulose** - Starch 1-4 linkage of a glucose monomers - Cellulose 1-4 linkage of glucose monomers - **Disaccharides:** Two monosaccharides - Bond: Glycosidic Linkage - Examples: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose ## **Proteins** - Composed of C, H, O, N, and S - Monomer: Amino Acid - **Levels of Protein Structure:** - **Primary:** - Bond: peptide bonds between amino acids - Structure: string of amino acids - **Secondary:** - Bond: hydrogen bonds between backbone - Structure: alpha helix or beta pleated sheets - **Tertiary:** - Bond: ANY (Hydrogen, covalent, ionic) between R groups - Structure: final 3D structure - **Quaternary:** - Bond: ANY (Hydrogen, covalent, ionic) between R groups of different polypeptides ## **Nucleic Acids** - Composed of C, H, O, N, and P - Monomer: Nucleotide - **Phosphate** - **Nitrogenous Base** - **Pentose Sugar** - Bond: Phosphodiester linkage (between phosphate and hydroxy) - Directionality: 5 → 3 antiparallel - **Nitrogenous Bases** - **Purine:** - Double Ring - A & G - **Pyrimidine:** - Single Ring - C, U, T - **Base Pairing** - A & T - C & G - **DNA** - A, T , C, G - Deoxyribose - "double" - **RNA** - A, U, C, G - Ribose - "single" ## **Lipids** - All of the lipids are **NONPOLAR** - **Phospholipids:** - Composed of C, H, O, and P (in phospholipids) - Monomer: N/A - **3 fatty acids** - **Phosphate** - **Glycerol** - **2 fatty acids** - **Amphipathic** - **Hydrophilic head** - Attracted to water - **Hydrophobic tail** - Repelled by water - **Interstitial Fluid (Extracellular)** - **Cytosollic Fluid (Intracellular)** - **Steroids** - **General structure** - **Four fused rings** - **Ligand:** Intracellular Reception ## **Fats** - **Saturated fatty acid:** - All single bonds - Each carbon is saturated by Hydrogen - **Unsaturated fatty acid:** - At least one double bond - Not all carbons are saturated by Hydrogen
