Macromolecules Concept Notes PDF

Macromolecules CONCEPT 3 NOTES  Overview ? Macromolecules: large organic molecules (carbon-containing) that make up all living things - Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - EVERYTHING we will learn for the rest of the semester will relate back...

Macromolecules CONCEPT 3 NOTES  Overview ? Macromolecules: large organic molecules (carbon-containing) that make up all living things - Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - EVERYTHING we will learn for the rest of the semester will relate back to macromolecules!!! - Structurally, most macromolecules are polymers made out of monomers  Structure Overview ? Monomers: small, basic sub-units - Think about a brick ? Polymers: larger more complex structures made of monomers - Think about a brick wall  M a k i n g P o l y m e r s From monomers ? Dehydration reaction = builds a polymer by linking monomers - Does this by removing a water molecule 4,0 Monomer 1 Monomer 2 ? ? Polymer  B r e a k i n g P o l y m e r s Into monomers ? Hydrolysis = breaks big polymers into smaller monomers - Does this by adding water, which breaks bonds H20 Monomer 1 + Monomer 2 ? ? Polymer  Carbohydrates ? Main function = energy storage (short-term) ? Other uses = structure, transport, and signaling ? Found in = sugars and starches ? Composed of = C, H, 0 1:04 Far Racket Deunce"  Carbohydrates ??,?? ? Monomer = monosaccharides = single sugar H H molecules - Ex. Glucose (main fuel for cell) ? Polymer = polysaccharides = larger 0000000 sugar molecules - Ex. Starch (how plants store sugar) ? Energy storage = 4 calories/gram - first thing your body will break down to get energy  Lipids ? Main function = energy storage (long-term) ? Other uses = insulation, protection, and structure ? Found in = fats, oils, phospholipids (in the cell membrane), steroids ? Composed of = C, H, 0  Lipids ? Monomer = fatty acids 0000000 ? Polymer = triglycerides ? Energy storage = 9 calories/gram - When your body runs out of carbs, it will break down lipids next for energy  P h o s p h o l i p i d s A special lipid ? Structure = 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate - Hydrophilic head = phosphate group - Hydrophobic tail = fatty acids Phosphate Group Hydrophilic Hydrophilic Head Water Loving Water Loving Hydrophobic Hydrophobic Water Hating Tails Water Hating 2 Fatty Acid Chains «a: or Rocket Arance  P h o s p h o l i p i d s A special lipid ? Phospholipid bilayer = 2 layers make up the plasma membrane of our cells - Makes membrane selectively permeable  Proteins ? Main function = no "main function" because proteins do SO MUCH! They run your body! - Enzymes control the rate of biochemical reactions - Hormones regulate cell processes (Ex. Insulin) - Structurally make up bones and muscles (Ex. Collagen) - Transport substances in and out of cell (Ex. Hemoglobin) - Antibodies help immune system fight diseases - Movement (Ex. Contractile proteins) - Receptors aid in cell signaling - Energy source in the food we eat (Ex. Casein)  Proteins ? Found in = meats, nuts, and dairy products, but many are made by your body ? Composed of = C, ?, O, N, S ? Monomer = Amino acids ? Polymer = Polypeptide - Amino acids linked together by a peptide bond ? Energy storage = 4 calories/gram - Proteins do SO MUCH besides for the body that they are usually the last resort if energy is needed  Proteins - Folding ? Proteins are the most diverse macromolecule in terms of structure AND function ? 4 levels to Primary structure their structure ? Form Secondary structure dictates Quaternary function Tertiary structure structure  Nucleic Acids ? Main function = informational molecules that store, transmit, and express our genetic information; contain the instructions for making proteins ? Found in = DNA and RNA - You get them from your parents not your food!! ? Composed of = C, H, O, N, P 50a: Nat Rocket deaner:  Nucleic acids ? Monomer = Nucleotides - Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil - These are made up of: ? 5-Carbon sugar- ? Phosphate group ? Nitrogen-containing base ? Polymer = Nucleic acid = DNA or RNA ? Energy storage = 0 calories/gram - They are NEVER broken down as a source of energy!