Biology - Unit 3 - Macromolecules PDF

Biology - Unit 3. - Macromolecules Monomer, polymer & digestive, synthesis: Monomer: Small molecules that are building blocks of larger molecules o Turn into a polymer by chemical bond Polymer: Made of many monomers joined together Synthesis: When monomer turn into...

Biology - Unit 3. - Macromolecules Monomer, polymer & digestive, synthesis: Monomer: Small molecules that are building blocks of larger molecules o Turn into a polymer by chemical bond Polymer: Made of many monomers joined together Synthesis: When monomer turn into polymer by forming chemical bonds o Some of these simple molecules are used for energy, while others are used as building blocks for body parts Digestion: When polymer’s chemical bonds are broken into monomers o Digestive system: When large complex polymers from our food are broken down to simple monomers Macromolecules - Proteins (Amino acids) - Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides) - Lipids (None, fatty acids) - Nucleic acids (Nucleotides) Protein: o One protein is responsible for one chemical reaction o If we don’t eat enough protein --> die o Study them using four levels: ▪ Primary structure (amino acids structure, specific order of amino acids) ▪ Secondary structure (alpha helix, b-plated sheets) ▪ Tertiary structure (interactions between the R groups, or side chains, of the amino acids, 3D folding of a polypeptide.) ▪ Quaternary structure Fiber = made us of fibrils Fibrils = made from individual strands (weak) Eat fiber = eat cellulous  Cellulous = exists on cell walls (we cannot digest cellulous, but it lines up on our intestines, and help digest other foods) Protein: everything except energy storage, if our body starves, it starts to eat our protein The most essential nutrients are glucose, we cannot build glucose, eat carbohydrates Enzymes - Speeds up chemical reactions - Made out of proteins Amino Acids: Monomers of protein Have amino group Amino acids have a special R group Contains hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon Cell combines amino acids to make a new protein May have alpha helix, or beta sheet All proteins are made out of 20 amino acids: Essential (our body cannot build it, eat), Peptide bond= when 2 amino acids combine (bond) o Forms when a carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another amino acid, releasing a molecule of water. Polypeptide bond = when many amino acids bond together Protein levels: - Primary = peptide chain, by identifying the sequence of amino acid - Secondary = part of the chain,  Tertiary = describe 3-dimension shape Quintenary = when all put together Many proteins are made out of many chains Hemoglobin = most important protein, transfer blood cells, made up of many chains Curling or straightening = Destroy keratin’s (protein that makes hair) - Denaturant o Not permanent: after sometimes protein becomes back o Permanent: Cook – breaks hydrogen bonds permanently Stomach = contains enzyme that breaks down protein Elasticity = cheeks are elastic, contains protein that makes it elastic Carbohydrates: Carbohydrate = sugar Macromolecules Organic compounds / biological molecules Contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Main source of energy for living organisms Structural roles in cells (cell walls) Starch = way plant stores glucose Types of Carbohydrates: - Monosaccharides o Simple sugar, monomers of carbohydrates o Several different monomers, Glucose (for energy), fructose, galactose (needs a special protein, lactose, to break down galactose, other animals lose the enzymes needed to break it down when they grow up. o All the glucose our body doesn’t eat/digest --> fat o Formula: C6 H12 C16 o Providing energy, and join together to form carbohydrate molecules Glucose = 6 carbon structure. Fructose = 5 carbon structure  - Disaccharides o Formed by two monosaccharides through dehydration ▪ Dehydration is the process when two monosaccharides form a disaccharide with a glycosidic bond, and the release of a water molecule ▪ Hydrolysis breaks down disaccharides to monosaccharides o Starch: the way plant stores sugar o Glycogen: the way we store sugar for everyday use ▪ Our muscles uses the most energy, then brain o Glucose: goes into cell, but runs out in an hour, creating glycogen, which breaks down throughout. They can be transformed into many polysaccharides. Every single organic molecule is made of glucose. o the day, to gain energy o Cellulose: build up fiber and provide strength - Polysaccharides o Good source of energy because they consist of many monosaccharides o When the polysaccharides are broken down, through hydrolysis, energy is released. o Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds o Starch = branched polysaccharides, storage molecule for plant cell ▪ Amylopectin ▪ Amylose - Isomer o Compounds with the same chemical formula, but have different sequences/arrangements o Glucose has two different sequences (can be linked differently) ! ! ! Numbering carbons: Start with the carbon right to the oxygen, rotate clockwise Lipids (Fats):  - Lipids have no monomers, they are not polymer - Fatty acid: Long term storage of energy, absorbs from shocks - Once burn carbs, lipids are used (long term storage of energy Triglyceride - do not want to touch water, hydrophilic - Contains hydrogen and carbon - Cell wall, cell membrane Phisphophilids - Type of lipids - Contains nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen - Building block of cell membrane Steroids - regulate processes in the body like growth and development - Carbon atoms arranged in rings - Contains carbon and hydrogen Cholesterol: build fat as insulation protection - Rectangle with 3 long stuffs coming out - Nucleic Acids: - Crucial for the inheritance of traits - Found in all living organisms - Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. DNA o Deoxyribonucleic acid. o Only have D sugar o Possible bases: A, G, T, C o Found in the cell nucleus, and contains all of an organism's genetic information, which determines traits and helps the body function by providing instructions for making proteins. o double-stranded structure resembles a twisted ladder, or a double helix o DNA can copy itself, move from our organisms to the next RNA o ribonucleic acid. o Takes instructions from DNA and helps to carry them from the nucleus to other parts of the cell. o Only have R sugar o Found in and out of the cell nucleus o Single stranded Nucleotides = monomers of nucleic acids, made out phosphate, sugar, and base Structure - Circle + 5-carbon sugar+ Two rings - Phosphate group + Deoxy ride + Nitrogen base