Learn Psychology with Vishal Pandey PDF

Learn Psychology with Vishal Pandey Chapter 1 Variations in Psychological  Psychological Attributes Individual Differences – It refer to distinctiveness & variations among people’s characteristics & behaviour patterns Situationism – Many Psychologists believe that our behaviours...

Learn Psychology with Vishal Pandey Chapter 1 Variations in Psychological  Psychological Attributes Individual Differences – It refer to distinctiveness & variations among people’s characteristics & behaviour patterns Situationism – Many Psychologists believe that our behaviours are influenced by our personal traits, some others hold the view that our behaviours are influenced more by situational factors.  Intelligence Intelligence is the global capacity to understand the world, think rationally & use available resources effectively when faced with challenges It provides cognitive competence  Aptitude Aptitude refers to an individual’s underlying potential for acquiring skills. Interest Interest is an individual’s preference for engaging in one or more specific activities related to others.  Personality It refers to relatively enduring characteristics of a person that make him or her distinct from others. It helps to predict how an individual would behave in given situation. Values It is enduring beliefs about an ideal mode of behaviour. In value assessment we try to determine the dominant values of a person.  Intelligence Psychological notion of intelligence is different from common sensical notion of Intelligence. The power of perceiving, learning, understanding & knowing.  Intelligence Alfred Binet – Intelligence is the ability to judge well, understand well, & reason well. Wechsler – The global & aggregate capacity of an individual to think rationally, act purposefully & to deal effectively with her/his environment. Gardner & Stenberg – An Intelligent individual not only adapts to the environment, but also actively modifies or  Theories of Intelligence Psychometric Approach Intelligence is an aggregate of abilities. It expresses the individual’s performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities Information processing approach This describes the people use in intellectual reasoning & problem solving.  Theories of Intelligence (Psychometric Approach) Uni-Factor Theory – Alfred Binet One similar set of abilities which can be used for solving any or every problem in an individual’s environment. Two Factor Theory – 1927 – Charles Spearman Intelligence is a combination of General Factor (G-Factor) & Specific Factor (S-Factors) G-Factor includes mental operations which are primary & common to all performances.  Theories of Intelligence (Psychometric Approach) Theory of Primary Mental Abilities – Spearman’s & Louis Thurstone Theory. Seven Primary Mental Abilities a. Verbal Comprehension b. Numerical Abilities c. Spatial relations d. Perceptual Speed e. Word Fluency f. Memory g. Inductive Reasoning  Theories of Intelligence (Psychometric Approach) Hierarchical Model of Intelligence – Arthur Jensen Intelligence consisting of abilities operating at two levels:- Level 1 – It is the associative learning in which output is more or less similar to the input (e.g – Rote Learning & Memory) Level 2 – Cognitive Competence, involves higher- order skills as they transform the input to produce an effective output.  Theories of Intelligence (Psychometric Approach) Structure of Intellect Model– J.P.Guilford Operations – What the respondent does (Cognition, memory, recording, memory retention, divergent production, convergent production & evaluation) Contents – Nature of materials on which intellectual operation s are performed (Visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic, behavioural) Products – the form in which information is  Theories of Intelligence Theory of Multiple Intelligences – Howard Gardner (IP approach) Intelligence is not a single entity; rather distinct types of intelligences exist. Each of these intelligences are independent of each other. High on one doesn’t indicates other set. Different types of intelligences interact & work together to find a solution to a problem  Theories of Intelligence Theory of Multiple Intelligences – Howard Gardner Eight Types(IP ofapproach) Intelligence Linguistic (skills involved in the production & use of language) Logical-Mathematical (Skills in scientific thinking and problem solving) Spatial (skills in forming visual images and patterns) Musical (sensitivity to musical rhythms and patterns) Bodily – Kinaesthetic (using whole or portions of the body flexibly & creatively) Interpersonal (sensitivity to subtle aspects of others behaviour)  Theories of Intelligence Triarchic Theory of Intelligence – Robert Stenberg (1985)“Ability to adapt, to shape & select environment (IP approach) to accomplish one’s goals & those of one’s society & culture” 1. Componential Intelligence or Analytical Intelligence 1. Knowledge acquisition – learning & acquisition of the ways of doing things. 2. Meta or higher order component – Planning, concerning what to do & how to do. 3. Performance component – Actually doing things. 2. Experiential Intelligence or Creative Intelligence Using past experiences creatively to solve novel problems. 3. Contextual Intelligence or practical Intelligence Theories of Intelligence  Theories of Intelligence PASS Model of Intelligence – JP Das, Jack Naglieri & Kirby (1994) “Intellectual functioning of three neurological systems, called the functional units of brain. These units are responsible for arousal/attention, coding & planning respectively” 1. Arousal / Attention 2. Simultaneous & Successive processing 3. Planning 1. Define Intelligence through following lens:- 1. Alfred Binet 2. Weshler 3. Charles Spearman 4. Arthur Jensen 5. J.P.Guilford 2. Howard Gardner proposed which theory, explain in detail? 3. Define Robert Stenberg’s theory & explain in detail? 4. What is PAAS Model of Intelligence?  Individual Differences in Intelligence Intelligence – Interplay of Nature & Nurture Identical twins – 90% Twins separated early in childhood – 90% Identical twins in different environments – 72% Fraternal twins in same environment – 60% Siblings in same environment – 50% Siblings in different environment – 25%  Individual Differences in Intelligence Assessment of Intelligence – Alfred Binet (1905) & Theodore Simon Mental Age (MA) Chronological Age (CA) 1912, William Stern – Intelligence Quotient (IQ) IQ = (MA/CA)*100  Individual Differences in Intelligence Assessment of Intelligence – Alfred Binet (1905) & Theodore Simon Normal Curve  Individual Differences in Intelligence Variations of Intelligence Intellectual Deficiency Also known as Intellectually disabled Intellectual disability is “significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behaviour & manifested during the developmental period.” Mild (55 to 70) – Life is normal with slower development Moderate (35-55) – Can be trained in few skills but lack in language & motor skills Severe (20-25) – Incapable of managing life by own  Individual Differences in Intelligence Variations of Intelligence Intellectual Giftedness – Lewis Terman (1925) Giftedness is exceptional general ability shown in superior performance in a wide variety of areas. Talent is a narrower term and refers to remarkable ability in a specific field (spiritual, social, aesthetic, etc). The highly talented are sometimes called ‘prodigies’ Name few examples of gifted & talented?  Individual Differences in Intelligence Characteristics of gifted children are Advanced logical thinking, questioning & problem solving behaviour High speed in processing information Superior generalisation & discrimination ability. Advanced level of original & creative thinking High level of intrinsic motivation & self-esteem Independent & non-conformist thinking Preference for solitary academic activities for long periods. To test gifted intelligence, performance on intelligence tests is not the only measure, teachers judgement, school achievement record, parents’ interviews, peer & self ratings can be used in combination. They need different environment to reach full  Types of Intelligence Tests Individual or group Test An Individual intelligence test is administered to one person at a time. Orally or Written form or manipulate objects as per requirement. A group intelligence test can be administered to several Verbal, Non-Verbal, persons or Performance Tests together. Either Onlyorally or written written answersform usually in a multiple choice format Can only be administered to literate people. Uses Pictures or illustration as test items. Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPS) test is nonverbal.  Types of Intelligence Tests Culture Fair or Culture-Biased Tests Urban & middle class ethos. Lower middle class It is nearly impossible to design a test that can be applied equally meaningfully in all cultures. Non-verbal & performance tests help reduce the cultural bias usually associated with verbal tests.  Types of Intelligence Tests Intelligence testing in India (S.M.Mohsin – 1930 : Intelligence test in Hindi C.H.Rice : Binet’s test in Urdu & Punjabi Mahalanobis : Binet’s test in Bengali RPM, WAIS, Alexander’s Passalong, Cube Construction, and Kohs’ Block Design. Long & Mehta – Mental Measurement Handbook of 103 tests of Intelligence in various language. National Library of Educational & Psychological Tests (NLEPT) has handbooks in intelligence, aptitude, personality, attitudes, and interests. National Council of Educational Research  Culture & Intelligence A major characteristic of Intelligence is that it helps individuals to adapt to their environment. Vygotsky, A Russian Psychologist, has argued that culture provides a social context in which people live, grow, and understand the world around them. In less technologically developed societies, social & emotional skills in relating to people are valued, while in technologically advanced societies, personal achievement founded on Culture abilities is ofareasoning collectiveand judgement system Is considered to of customs, represent beliefs, intelligence. attitudes, and achievements in art & literature.  Culture & Intelligence Sternberg’s notion o contextual or practical intelligence implies that intelligence is a product of culture. Vygotsky also believed that cultures, like individuals, have a life of their own; they grow and change, and in the process specify what will be the end-product of successful intellectual development. While elementary mental functions (e.g; crying, attending to mother’s voice, sensitivity to smells, walking & running) are universal, the manner in which higher mental functions such as problem solving & thinking operate are largely culture-produced. Technological Intelligence Western Culture Non-western Culture Attention, observation, Cognitive competence + analysis, performance, self-reflection & collectivistic speed, and achievement orientation orientation.  Intelligence in the Indian Tradition Integral Intelligence – Connectivity with the social & world environment. Indian thinkers view intelligence from a holistic perspective where equal attention is paid to cognitive & non-cognitive processes as well as their integration. Buddhi – J.P.Das, includes such skills as mental effort, determined action, feelings, and opinions along with cognitive competence such as knowledge, discrimination, and understanding. Buddhi is the knowledge of one’s own self based on conscience, will & desire.  Intelligence in the Indian Tradition Intelligence in the Indian tradition: Cognitive Capacity (sensitivity to context, understanding, discrimination, problem solving, and effective communication) Social Competence (respect for social order, commitment to elders, the young and the needy, concern about others, Emotional recognising others perspectives) competence (self-regulation & self-monitoring or emotions, honesty, politeness, good conduct, and self- evaluation. Entrepreneurial competence (commitment, persistence, patience, hard work, vigilance, and goal-directed behaviours)  Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence is a set of skills that underlie accurate appraisal, expression, and regulation of emotions. It is the feeling side of intelligence Salovey & Mayer – The ability to monitor one’s own & other’s emotions; to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one’s thinking & actions.  Special Abilities Aptitude : Nature & Measurement It is a combination of characteristics that indicates an individual’s capacity to acquire some specific knowledge or skill after training. We assess aptitude with the help of selected tests. The knowledge of aptitude can help us to predict an individual’s future performance. While assessing intelligence, psychologists often found that people with similar intelligence differed widely in acquiring certain knowledge or skills. Interest is a preference for a particular activity; aptitude is the potentiality to perform that activity.  Special Abilities Aptitude : Nature & Measurement Aptitude tests are available in two forms: Independent (specialised) aptitude tests Clerical, Mechanical, Numerical, Typing Multiple (generalised) aptitude tests Multiple aptitude tests exist in the form of test batteries. Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT) General Aptitude Tests Battery (GATB) Armed Sevices Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB)  Special Abilities Aptitude : Nature & Measurement Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT) is most commonly used in educational settings. It consists of 8 independent subtests: Verbal Reasoning Numerical Reasoning Meri Abstract Reasoning Clerical Speed & Accuracy Nayi Mechanical Reasoning Space Relations Spelling Vali Language Usage CLAS  Creativity Creativity Creativity & Intelligence Intelligence test – Convergent Thinking Creativity test – Divergent Thinking