Introduction to Microbiology PDF

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY Ameril | Barriga | Malagamba 2nd Semester, AY: 2024-2025 How did it start? Maresso, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20464-8_1 Maresso, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20464-8_1 Maresso, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0...

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY Ameril | Barriga | Malagamba 2nd Semester, AY: 2024-2025 How did it start? Maresso, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20464-8_1 Maresso, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20464-8_1 Maresso, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20464-8_1 Robert Hooke (?) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke (Madigan et al., 2015) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek (Madigan et al., 2015) Francesco Redi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Redi https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo  John Needham https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Needham English naturalist who was in support of spontaneous generation theory. He found that large numbers of organisms subsequently developed in prepared infusions of many different substances that had been exposed to intense heat in sealed tubes for 30 minutes. Assuming that such heat treatment must have killed any previous organisms, Needham explained the presence of the new population on the grounds of spontaneous generation.  Ferdinand Cohn a trained botanist. his interests in microscopy led him to the study of unicellular algae and later to bacteria, including the large sulfur bacterium Beggiatoa. described the life cycle of the endospore-forming bacterium Bacillus. was a contemporary of Louis Pasteur. *Nobel prize winners  Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle A German physician, pathologist, and anatomist. He is credited with the discovery of the loop of Henle in the kidney. His essay, "On Miasma and Contagia," was an early argument for the germ theory of disease. He was an important figure in the development of modern medicine.  Louis Pasteur https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur Father of Modern Microbiology Louis Pasteur Disproved Spontaneous Generation. Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions. Created the S-shaped flask that kept microbes out but let air in. Showed microbes are responsible for fermentation (the conversion of sugar to alcohol). Demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine-Pasteurization: the application of a high heat for a short time. Believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan. Read more at: https://hekint.org/2017/02/01/the-early-days-of-the-nobel-prize-and-golden-age-of- microbiology/#:~:text=The%20proof%20of%20microorganisms%20as,the%20Nobel%20Prize%20in%201901.  Robert Koch https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch%27s_postulates Some of the exceptions of these postulates are: 1. Some microorganisms could not be cultured in artificial media: a. Inability to grow Treponema pallidum and Mycobacterium leprae — known causative agents of syphilis and leprosy, respectively on artificial media. b. Inability to grow many viruses and rickettsial pathogens on artificial media. 2. Diseases caused by different species of microorganisms could elicit similar symptoms. 3. Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions. Streptococcus pyogenes can cause a wide range of infections: scarlet fever. strep throat. flesh- eating diseases.  Size (length): 6 to 15 μm Treponema pallidum Mycobacterium leprae https://mechpath.com/2017/12/20/treponema-pallidum/ https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/mycobacterium-leprae Syphilis Leprosy https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-0286-2_7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy Koch’s postulates for the 21st century as suggested by Fredricks and Relman (1996): 1. A nucleic acid sequence belonging to a putative pathogen should be present in most cases of an infectious disease. Microbial nucleic acids should be found preferentially in those organs or gross anatomic sites known to be diseased, and not in those organs that lack pathology. 2. Fewer, or no, copy numbers of pathogen-associated nucleic acid sequences should occur in hosts or tissues without the disease. 3. With the resolution of disease, the copy number of pathogen-associated nucleic acid sequences should decrease or become undetectable. With clinical relapse, the opposite should occur. 4. When sequence detection predates disease or sequence copy number correlates with severity of disease or pathology, the sequence-disease association is more likely to be a causal relationship. 5. The nature of the microorganism inferred from the available sequence should be consistent with the known biological characteristics of that group of organisms. 6. Tissue-sequence correlates should be sought at the cellular level: efforts should be made to demonstrate specific in situ hybridization of microbial sequence to areas of tissue pathology and to visible microorganisms or to areas where microorganisms are presumed to be located. 7. These sequence-based forms of evidence for microbial causation should be reproducible. https://microbenotes.com/kochs-postulates-and-its-limitations/ Alexander Fleming Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered. It was discovered in 1929 by Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist working in St. Mary’s Hospital London. Fleming discovered that mold from Penicillium fungus had antibacterial properties. The antibiotic was named penicillin after the fungus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming  antimicrobial resistance https://bvi.gov.vg/media-centre/spread-awareness-stop-antimicrobial-resistance Abelardo Aguilar PRODUCTION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF ILOSONE: At the time of discovery, Dr. Aguilar was employed with Eli Lily Co. based in the United States of America. In good faith, he sent the soil samples to his company who then worked on isolating Erythromycin from a strain of bacteria found in the samples. It was a strain of the Streptomyces erythreus which produced Erythromycin as its metabolic products. Commercially, the company launched the product in 1952 under the brand name Ilosone (the place in the Philippines where it originated). Unfairly, the company Eli Lily Co. filed for both patent protection and the U.S. Patent without giving Dr. Aguilar any royalties nor credit for his discovery. Subsequently, he fought for what was due to him in what would become a 40 year long, fruitless battle that ended when he passed at the age of 76. https://multiculturalmuseums.org/english-blog-version-teachers/dr-aguilars-antibiotic-discovery-in-the- philippines#:~:text=It%20was%20a%20strain%20of,the%20Philippines%20where%20it%20originated) What are microorganisms? What are microorganisms? Madigan et al., 2015 https://www.scienceprojectideas.org/bread-mold-experiment.htm Bread Mold What are microorganisms? https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Thiomargarita_namibiensis Schulz et al., 1999. Science 284(5413):493-495 What are microorganisms? https://www.labroots.com/trending/microbiology/2584/microbe-epulopiscium What are microorganisms? Thiomargarita magnifica What are microorganisms? Organisms that can exist as single cells, contain a nucleic acid genome for at least some part of their life cycle, and are capable of replicating that genome. include recently discovered microorganisms such as Epulopiscium and Thiomargarita. include viruses, which microbiology texts traditionally discuss along with living organisms. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEvUbWPWVqw&t=111s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r83JW-yFVZE&list=PLVnjTkEwv-uNZ7wY2RI1JKqJlY8XJHONM&index=4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6qY2MNSHdg&list=PLVnjTkEwv-uNZ7wY2RI1JKqJlY8XJHONM&index=3 Properties of microbial cells (Madigan et al., 2015): Properties of all cells: Properties of microbial cells (Madigan et al., 2015): Properties of some cells: Two interconnected themes in Microbiology as a discipline: 1. Understanding the nature and functioning of the microbial world. 2. Applying our understanding of the microbial world for the benefit of humankind and planet Earth. © Pearson Education, Inc. © Pearson Education, Inc. Why study microorganisms? Agriculture: Microbes help plants take required nutrients by breaking down complex compounds into simpler forms. They also make the soil rich in nutrients and minerals (like nitrates) that enhance crop yield. Microbes help plants fix nitrogen, and some of them are used as biofertilizers, thus contributing to a better and higher output. Biotechnology and genetic engineering: Microbial studies have allowed scientists to understand their working mechanisms and engineer them in a way that helps in the increased production of medicinal compounds. It is believed that the insertion of foreign genes in some bacterial species might lead to creating a bacterial strain that can provide solutions to myriads of challenges, including pollution, food and energy shortages, and the treatment and control of the disease. Production of certain compounds: Bacteria are used in industries to make new products from the provided raw materials. They can perform a metabolic reaction rapidly on a large scale that meets the population’s demand for medicines, food materials, or other chemical compounds, such as insulin and other growth hormones. Combating diseases: The study of microbes has unraveled their potential in treating several deadly conditions. For example, several bacterial species are used to isolate medicinal compounds, like antibiotics and develop vaccines. Keep the planet healthy: Microbes play an essential role in recycling minerals like nitrogen and carbon for easy availability to other organisms, keeping the environment oxygenated, and actively degrading organic matter. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77oCfprg9m8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPAhkDSOHvQ&list=PLVnjTkEwv-uNZ7wY2RI1JKqJlY8XJHONM&index=15 Food processing: The study of microbiology has enlightened us on the application of microbes as an essential source of nutrients. For example, some algal and fungal species are part of people’s meal, such as mushroom, Chlorella, Spirulina, and certain microbes are also used in food processing, fermentation, baking, and producing livestock feed. Torres-Maravilla, et al. 2024 Kumar, et al. 2021