1 Introduction to Microbiology.pdf

Al- Rayan Medical Colleges College of Medicine Human and life cycle module Code: MDHC 211 2n...

Al- Rayan Medical Colleges College of Medicine Human and life cycle module Code: MDHC 211 2nd Year - Level 3 Introduction to Microbiology Dr. Samah Awad Dr. Ibrahim Hassan Assistant professor of Microbiology Associate professor of Microbiology AL- RAYAN COLLEGES AL- RAYAN COLLEGES What is Microbiology? Microbes, or microorganisms are minute living things, can’t be seen with the naked eye. Examples of microbes? Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses. Some are pathogenic Many are beneficial as Commensal bacteria. Micro = can’t be seen with the naked eye -Ology = Study or Knowledge. Microbiology = Study of living things, can’t be seen with the naked eye.  Microorganisms: those microbes being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells). Medical microbiology: the study of the pathogenic microbes and the role of microbes in human illness. Includes the study of microbial pathogenesis and epidemiology and is related to the study of disease pathology and immunology. This area of microbiology also covers the study of human microbiota, cancer, and the tumor microenvironment.  Introduction to Microbiology Sir Scientist’s achievement against Emerging Infectious Diseases Year Scientist achievement 1683 Leeuwen hoek Found bacteria 1796 Edward Jenner Smallpox vaccine 1876 Robert Koch Bacteria of anthrax, cholera, tuberculosis 1880 Louis Pastear Vaccines against anthrax, rabies 1892 Dmitri Ivanowsk Filterable virus 1898 Beijerinck Pick up the virus 1921 Albert Calmette and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG. Vaccine) Camille Guérin 1928 Alexander Fleming Penicillin 1942 Selmen Waksman Streptomycin 1961 Edward Penley Abraham Cephalosporin  History The Early Years of Microbiology contributed by The discovery of Microscope: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1673-1723): (Dutch) Described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain-water, and peppercorn drinks.  History Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778): The father of modern taxonomy, and classification.. Binomial Nomenclature: Developed binomial nomenclature. ✓ kingdoms, This system uses a two-part name, consisting of the genus name and the species identifier. ✓ Classes, For example, ✓ Orders, Staphylococcus aureus or (S. aureus) Escherichia coli or (E. coli). ✓ Families, Taxonomy & Classification of Organisms: ✓ Genera, Classifying living organisms into hierarchical groups, including kingdoms, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. ✓ Species.  The Golden Age of Microbiology 1857-1914 Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included The relationship between microbes and disease, Immunity, and Antimicrobial drugs.  History Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898): A botanist studies on algae and photosynthetic bacteria led him to describe several bacteria including Bacillus. The first to formulate a scheme for the taxonomic classification of bacteria.  Pioneers of Microbiology Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, DE (1673) First observed live microorganisms (animalcules) Schleiden and Schwann, DE Formulated Cell Theory: Cells are the fundamental units of life. Cells are carried out all the basic functions of living things. Louis Pasteur (France) and John Tyndall (UK), (1861) Finally contributed to disproving spontaneous generation (S.G.). M John Tyndall (UK): Tyndallization: He developed a method for sterilization through heat, which involved repeated boiling and cooling to kill spores.  History Louis Pasteur (1822–1895): Chemist Fermentation of foods (1857) Pasteurization: heat liquid enough to kill spoilage bacteria (1864). Vaccine development against Anthrax and Rabies infection. Proposed the germ theory of disease. Proposed aseptic techniques (prevent contamination by microbes). Director of Pasteur Institute, Paris (1894).  History Joseph Lister (1827–1912): 1.Introducing antiseptic techniques to surgery. He applied Louis Pasteur's germ theory to surgical practice. Leading to a significant reduction in postoperative infections. 2.Use of Carbolic Acid (Phenol): Phenol used as an antiseptic agent during surgical procedures. Phenol used to sterilize surgical instruments and clean wounds, which decreased the rate of infections and improved patient outcomes. Referred to as the father of modern antiseptic surgical techniques.  History Robert Koch (1843–1910): The best known for his contributions to the germ theory of disease, proving that specific diseases were caused by specific pathogenic micro- organisms.  History Robert Koch (1843–1910): The first scientists to focus on the isolation of bacteria in pure culture resulting in his description of several novel bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis  Tobacco History Mosaic Disease Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931): Has two major contributions to microbiology: In 1898, the discovery of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) that cause tobacco mosaic disease. How Soil Microbiome affect ecological processes: Establish the link between soil, microorganisms, and plant health, the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil.  History Adrien Certes (1859–1934): one of his Pasteur's students, who is considered the founder of Marine Microbiology. Adrien Certes  History Félix Hubert d'Hérelle (1873–1949): discovered bacteriophages in 1917 He was one of the earliest applied microbiologists.  Branches 1. Pure Microbiology Bacteriology: the study of bacteria Mycology: the study of fungi Virology: the study of viruses Immunology: the study of immune system Protozoology: the study of protozoa Parasitology: the study of parasites Phycology/algology: the study of algae 2. Applied Microbiology: Medical microbiology: Identification of microbes and infectious diseases Pharmaceutical microbiology: the study of microorganisms that are related to the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines, and other pharmaceutical products that cause pharmaceutical contamination and spoil. Industrial microbiology: the use of microbes in industrial processes. E.g., include industrial fermentation and wastewater treatment, …,etc.  Applications 1. Industrial fermentation: e.g., the production of alcohol, vinegar and dairy products. 2. Production of amino acids: e.g., Corynebacterium glutamicum produces L-glutamate and L-lysine. 3. Production of antibiotics: such as Penicillin, Streptomycin, Penicillins, and aminoglycoside antibiotics. 4. Microbial biodegradation of wastes. 5. Symbiotic microbial benefits: Some microbes confer benefits to their human and animal host’s health including: a) Aiding digestion. b) Producing beneficial products. c) Vitamins and amino acids. d) Suppressing pathogenic microbes: eating fermented foods confer some benefit by, Probiotics (bacteria potentially beneficial to the digestive system) or Prebiotics (substances consumed to promote the growth of probiotic microorganisms. 6. microbial immunotherapy in cancer treatment," Research suggested that microorganisms could be useful in the treatment of cancer and stimulating the immune system to fight the tumor. (Oncolytic virus or bacteria) Oncolytic Virotherapy: the use of genetically modified viruses that target and destroy cancer cells. Oncolytic bacteria are used specifically to attack tumor cells, such as ✓ Clostridium novyi. ✓ Listeria monocytogenes.