Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which scientist is credited with first observing microorganisms using a self-made microscope?
Which scientist is credited with first observing microorganisms using a self-made microscope?
Which of the following scientists is best known for disproving the theory of spontaneous generation?
Which of the following scientists is best known for disproving the theory of spontaneous generation?
Which individual performed experiments with infusions in sealed tubes that supported the idea of spontaneous generation?
Which individual performed experiments with infusions in sealed tubes that supported the idea of spontaneous generation?
Who is recognized for his early advocacy of the germ theory of disease, based on his work on miasma and contagia?
Who is recognized for his early advocacy of the germ theory of disease, based on his work on miasma and contagia?
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Which of the following scientists is considered the 'Father of Modern Microbiology'?
Which of the following scientists is considered the 'Father of Modern Microbiology'?
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What significant contribution did Ferdinand Cohn make to the field of microbiology?
What significant contribution did Ferdinand Cohn make to the field of microbiology?
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Which experimental design introduced by Louis Pasteur helped demonstrate that microbes are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions?
Which experimental design introduced by Louis Pasteur helped demonstrate that microbes are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions?
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What concept did Louis Pasteur demonstrate through his work with fermentation?
What concept did Louis Pasteur demonstrate through his work with fermentation?
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What process involves heating a liquid to kill spoilage bacteria without evaporating alcohol?
What process involves heating a liquid to kill spoilage bacteria without evaporating alcohol?
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Which disease did the scientist, mentioned in the text, believe was caused by a protozoan?
Which disease did the scientist, mentioned in the text, believe was caused by a protozoan?
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Which of the following microorganisms cannot be grown on artificial media?
Which of the following microorganisms cannot be grown on artificial media?
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Which of the following is NOT considered an exception to Koch's postulates?
Which of the following is NOT considered an exception to Koch's postulates?
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What is the approximate size range of Streptococcus pyogenes?
What is the approximate size range of Streptococcus pyogenes?
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According to Fredricks and Relman, when a host recovers from a disease, what should happen to the number of pathogen-associated nucleic acid sequences?
According to Fredricks and Relman, when a host recovers from a disease, what should happen to the number of pathogen-associated nucleic acid sequences?
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Which of the following best describes the location where microbial nucleic acids should be found, according to Fredricks and Relman's postulates?
Which of the following best describes the location where microbial nucleic acids should be found, according to Fredricks and Relman's postulates?
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What is a defining characteristic of microorganisms, according to the provided content?
What is a defining characteristic of microorganisms, according to the provided content?
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Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?
Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?
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What is one of the two interconnected themes in the discipline of microbiology?
What is one of the two interconnected themes in the discipline of microbiology?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a property of all microbial cells?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a property of all microbial cells?
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What is the primary reason why viruses are often discussed within microbiology, despite not being considered living organisms?
What is the primary reason why viruses are often discussed within microbiology, despite not being considered living organisms?
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What does sequence detection preceding disease onset suggest?
What does sequence detection preceding disease onset suggest?
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What was one of the fundamental struggles encountered by Dr. Aguilar, as mentioned in the content?
What was one of the fundamental struggles encountered by Dr. Aguilar, as mentioned in the content?
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What is a crucial step in establishing a tissue-sequence correlation at the cellular level?
What is a crucial step in establishing a tissue-sequence correlation at the cellular level?
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According to the content provided, what is a characteristic of some, but not all, microbial cells?
According to the content provided, what is a characteristic of some, but not all, microbial cells?
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What characteristic of microbial evidence is essential, according to the text?
What characteristic of microbial evidence is essential, according to the text?
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Which of the following best describes the study of microbiology?
Which of the following best describes the study of microbiology?
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Which of these might be considered a microorganism according to the provided content?
Which of these might be considered a microorganism according to the provided content?
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What was the basis for naming the antibiotic penicillin?
What was the basis for naming the antibiotic penicillin?
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Which of these statements about Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin is correct?
Which of these statements about Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin is correct?
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What did the Eli Lily Co. do after receiving soil samples from Dr. Abelardo Aguilar?
What did the Eli Lily Co. do after receiving soil samples from Dr. Abelardo Aguilar?
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What is the significance of 'Ilosone' when considering the story surrounding erythromycin discovery?
What is the significance of 'Ilosone' when considering the story surrounding erythromycin discovery?
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What is a consequence of antimicrobial resistance?
What is a consequence of antimicrobial resistance?
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What is the primary role of microbes in agriculture?
What is the primary role of microbes in agriculture?
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Which approach uses microbial studies to enhance the production of medicinal compounds?
Which approach uses microbial studies to enhance the production of medicinal compounds?
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How are bacteria utilized in industrial processes?
How are bacteria utilized in industrial processes?
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What roles do microbes play in maintaining a healthy planet?
What roles do microbes play in maintaining a healthy planet?
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What is a key application of microbes in food processing?
What is a key application of microbes in food processing?
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How can genetically engineered bacterial strains contribute to solving global challenges?
How can genetically engineered bacterial strains contribute to solving global challenges?
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What kind of medicinal compounds are isolated from bacterial species?
What kind of medicinal compounds are isolated from bacterial species?
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Which of these are examples of microbes that can be part of the human diet?
Which of these are examples of microbes that can be part of the human diet?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Microbiology
- Course title: Introduction to Microbiology
- Course instructors: Ameril, Barriga, Malagamba
- Semester: 2nd
- Academic year (AY): 2024-2025
How did Microbiology start?
- The presentation asks a question about the origin of microbiology.
Timeline of Microbiology
- 1546: Girolamo Fracastoro - Early description of a contagion.
- 1670s: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - First discovery of microorganisms (animacules) using a magnifying lens.
- 1796: Edward Jenner - Country doctor showed vaccination with cowpox can protect from smallpox.
- 1830s: Agostino Bassi - Italian farmer noted a disease in silkworms caused by infection from animals.
- 1840s: Jakob Henle - Argued for the germ theory of infection.
- 1850s: Ignaz Semmelweis - Physician in neonatal unit recommended using "chloride of lime" on hands to prevent infection spread.
- 1865: Joseph Lister - Used carbolic acid or phenol to sterilize surgical instruments.
- Late 1800s: Robert Koch - Scientist who isolated bacteria from infected animals, grew bacteria, and reintroduced it into healthy animals to reproduce the disease.
- 1880s: Louis Pasteur - French microbiologist showed attenuation of bacterial virulence with passage and used attenuated strains to protect from infection.
- 1884: Friedrich Loeffler - Apprentice to Koch, noted edema, inflammation, and reddening of organs at a distant site of infection.
- 1889: Emile Roux and Alexandre Yersin - Demonstrated that animals injected with bacterial supernatant produced same effect as direct bacteria injection due to toxin.
- 1890: Emil von Behring and Kitasato Shibasaburō - Demonstrated that serum of tetanus infected rabbits can "render harmless" the toxic substance produced by the bacteria.
- 1908: Paul Ehrlich - Pioneer in the field of chemotherapy.
- 1900s: Alfred Bertheim - Generated first marketed antibacterial, Salvarsan.
- 1929: Alexander Fleming - Discovered that a mold substance could kill bacteria.
- 1931: Joshua Lederberg - Discovered bacteria engage in primitive sex, exchanging beneficial elements to destroy antibiotics.
- 1940s: Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll - Constructed the electron microscope.
Robert Hooke
- Used a microscope to study a mold growing in leather, showing the spores.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
- Developed early microscopes, which enabled the observation and documentation of bacteria.
Francesco Redi
- Conducted an experiment disproving spontaneous generation, using wide-mouthed jars with meat, open, gauze-covered, and sealed.
John Needham
- Reported organisms growing in sealed tubes after heat treatment, arguing for spontaneous generation.
Ferdinand Cohn
- Trained botanist who studied unicellular algae and later bacteria, including Beggiatoa.
- Described the life cycle of Bacillus, an endospore-forming bacterium.
- Contemporary of Louis Pasteur.
Golden Age of Microbiology
Presented a timeline, scientists, and discoveries during the period.
Koch's Postulates
- Describes four postulates to establish a link between a specific organism and a disease.
Exceptions to Koch's Postulates
- Some microorganisms cannot be cultured in artificial media, including Treponema pallidum, Mycobacterium leprae.
- Diseases caused by different species of microorganisms can have similar symptoms.
- Some pathogens can cause several diseases.
Alexander Fleming
- Discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, in 1929.
Antibiotics
- 1928: Sir Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin.
- 1945: Fleming, Florey, and Chain - Nobel Prize in Medicine for penicillin.
- 1952: Selman Waksman - Nobel Prize for discovering streptomycin.
Antimicrobial Resistance
- Easy production of microbes resistance to penicillin.
Abelardo Aguilar
- Discovered erythromycin from a strain of bacteria.
- Commercialized erythromycin under the brand name Iloson.
What are Microorganisms?
- The presentation starts with a question on microorganisms.
- Examples of microorganisms from a drop of pond water.
Properties of Microbial Cells
- Metabolism: Cells take up nutrients and expel wastes.
- Growth: nutrients converted to form new cells.
- Evolution: cells evolve to demonstrate new properties, phylogenic relationships.
- Differentiation: Some cells produce new cell structures.
- Communication: Cells interact with each other via chemical messengers.
- Genetic exchange: Cells exchange genes through several mechanisms.
- Motility: Cells can propel themselves.
Two Interconnected Themes in Microbiology
- Understanding the nature and functioning of the microbial world.
- Applying our understanding of the microbial world for the benefit of humankind and planet Earth.
Major Subdisciplines of Microbiology
- Basic Emphases - focus on the underlying mechanisms.
- Applied Emphases - using the knowledge to solve practical problems
Fields of Microbiology
- Microbe-centered disciplines focus on different microbial groups: bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, parasites, viruses.
- Process-centered disciplines focus on metabolic reactions, functions of DNA/RNA, relationships between microbes and their environments.
Applied Microbiology (Medical)
- Serology - use antibodies in blood serum as an indicator of infection.
- Immunology - study of body defenses.
- Epidemiology - study of diseases by frequency, distribution, and spread.
- Etiology - causes of disease.
- Infection control - hygiene in health care settings to control infections.
- Chemotherapy - drug development to treat infectious diseases.
Applied Environmental Microbiology
- Strategies using microbes for practical applications: reducing pollution contaminants, in industrial processes, and in beneficial applications.
Why study Microorganisms?
- Importance in agriculture, Biotechnology, and food processing.
Fish Farming
- Presentation shows potential downsides and alternatives like vaccines and probiotics in fish farming.
Biofloc System
- Diagram shows how the system interacts with the environment, pathogens, and the host.
Food Processing
- Microbes used in food production.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key figures and concepts in microbiology. This quiz features questions about pioneering scientists like Louis Pasteur, Ferdinand Cohn, and the historical contexts of their contributions. Explore foundational theories and discoveries that shaped the field of microbiology.
