Homeostasis Physiology PDF 2024-2025

Homeostasis Physiology  The simplest structural units into a complex multicellular organism are called cells. Each human being begins as a single cell and during development And each cell becomes specialized for a particular function, Transforming an unspecialized cell into a spec...

Homeostasis Physiology  The simplest structural units into a complex multicellular organism are called cells. Each human being begins as a single cell and during development And each cell becomes specialized for a particular function, Transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell is known as cell differentiation. When cells are classified according to their function: divided into 4 major categories : (1) muscle cells, (2) neurons, (3) epithelial cells, and (4) connective-tissue cells  In each of these functional categories, they are also can be specialized between each other. For example, there are three types of muscle cells; 1. skeletal, 2. cardiac, and 3. smooth. These cells differ from each other in shape, in the contractile activity mechanisms in their location  Body Fluid Compartments Total body fluid is %60, Body fluids exist in two major compartments, 1. Intracellular fluid. %40 of %60 2. Extracellular fluid. %20 of %60 Intracellular fluid= fluid inside of the cell cells of the body, It’s about 60% of total fluid Extracellular fluid: all the fluid that is outside of cells. (blood, interstitial fluid), plasma or intravasal fluid %5 interstitial fluid. (The space containing interstitial fluid is called the interstitium.) %15 Transcellular fluid (cerebrospinal fluid, Synovial fluid, Pleural fluid Peritoneal fluid) < %1   Extracellular fluid (plasma) has high levels of sodium (Na⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), and lower levels of potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), and magnesium (Mg²⁺). It also contains proteins (70 g/L) and has an osmolarity of 290 mosm/L. Intracellular fluid has high levels of potassium (K⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), and phosphates. It contains fewer proteins (200 g/L), and very low levels of sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl⁻) compared to extracellular fluid. Its osmolarity is also 290 mosm/L. The table shows how the ion concentrations differ between the two fluid compartments, reflecting their distinct roles in maintaining cellular and bodily functions.  Homeostasis is the process by the body maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions. This balance is crucial for the proper functioning of cells, organs, and systems within the body. Homeostasis is first put forth by Claude Bernard, the Father of the Physiology