Topic 5 - Introduction to Human Body Systems & Homeostasis S2 AY23-24 PDF

Topic 5 An Introduction to the Human Body This slide deck contains animations. Please disable animations if they cause issues with your device. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction The purpose of the chapter is to: Introduce the disciplines of...

Topic 5 An Introduction to the Human Body This slide deck contains animations. Please disable animations if they cause issues with your device. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction The purpose of the chapter is to: Introduce the disciplines of anatomy and physiology Discuss the organization of the human body Reveal shared properties of all living things Discuss the concept of homeostasis Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 Anatomy vs. Physiology Defined: Anatomy is the study of the structure, whereas physiology is the study of how body parts function “Relationship between structure and function" Anatomy and physiology are "inseparable.” Function always reflects structure What a structure can do depends on its specific form Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3  Selected Branches of Anatomy and Physiology Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4  Selected Branches of Anatomy and Physiology Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6 Levels of Structural Organization Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7 Systems of the Human Body (1 of 13) The eleven systems of the human body are the: 1. Integumentary 7. Lymphatic/Immune 2. Skeletal 8. Respiratory 3. Muscular 9. Digestive 4. Nervous 10.Urinary, and 5. Endocrine 11.Reproductive 6. Cardiovascular Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 8 Systems of the Human Body ( 2 of 13) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 9 Systems of the Human Body (4 of 13) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10 Systems of the Human Body (6 of 13) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 11 Systems of the Human Body (8 of 13) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 12 Systems of the Human Body (10 of 13) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13 Systems of the Human Body Genital (Reproductive) Systems Components: Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and mammary glands in females and epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate, and penis in males). Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 14 Characteristics of the Living Human Organism Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15  Basic Life Processes All living things have certain characteristics that distinguish them from nonliving things The Basic Life processes in humans include: Metabolism - is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body. Responsiveness - is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes. Movement - motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells Growth - increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both Differentiation - development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state Reproduction - formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, the production of a new individual Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 16 Homeostasis Homeostasis is a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment Homeostasis is maintained by the body’s regulatory processes Homeostatic imbalances occur because of disruptions from the external or internal environments- diseases, disorders, illnesses, death Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 17 Body Fluids & Homeostasis The survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid This fluid is known as extracellular fluid Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 18 Control of Homeostasis The basic components of a feedback loop: 1. Stimulus 2. Receptor 3. Control Center (brain/spinal cord) 4. Effector organ (muscle or gland) 5. Response Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 19 Control of Homeostasis: Negative Feedback The change shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity i.e., original stimulus – the cold, shut-off or reduced by stopping cold or increasing warm; i.e., change is opposite to original stimulus; reduces too high sugar or increases too low sugar Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 20 Examples of Negative Feedback Mechanism 1. Thermoregulation Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 21 2. Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels Glucagon interacts with insulin in a negative feedback cycle to maintain blood glucose concentration within a small range: a change in concentration causes responses that reserve the change. Control of Homeostasis: Positive Feedback The change enhances (exaggerates) the original stimulus; i.e., the change is in the same direction as the original stimulus Interactions Animation: Positive Feedback Control of Labor Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 23 Example 1 - Positive Feedback Mechanism Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 24 Example 2 - Positive Feedback Mechanism Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 25 Basic Anatomical Terminology Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 26 Types of Anatomical Terminology Body positions Regional names Directional terms Planes and sections Body cavities Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 27  Body Positions: The Anatomical Position Anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical reference Person stands erect, facing the observer; the upper extremities are places at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 28 Body Positions Anatomical terms to describe the reclining body are prone and supine: o Prone = body lying facedown o Supine = body lying faceup Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 29 Regional Names Regional names are names given to specific regions of the body for reference. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 30 Directional Terms Directional terms are used to locate one part of the body relative to another precisely. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 31 Directional Terms Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 32 Directional Terms Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 33 Planes and Sections Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body. Sections are flat surfaces resulting from cuts through body structures. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 34 Practicing Planes and Sections Working with your partner, identify the 3 planes and sections obtained as shown in the image. 1 2 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 35 Body Cavities Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 36 Serous Membranes Serous membranes are thin, double-layered membranes that cover the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and line the walls of the thorax and abdomen o Visceral layer o Parietal layer Serous fluid between two layers reduces friction Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 37 Serous Membranes in the Thoracic Cavity The pericardium and pleura cover the heart and lungs, respectively. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 38 Serous Membranes in the Thoracic Cavity Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 39 Serous Membrane in the Abdominal Cavity The peritoneum covers many of the abdominal organs o Retroperitoneal – the classification some organs are given because they are not surrounded by the peritoneum; rather, they are posterior to it Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 40 Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants The abdominal cavity can be divided into regions or quadrants to easily describe the location of organs. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 41 Aging and Homeostasis (1 of 2) Aging is a normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis. o Impacts all body systems o Produces structural and functional changes o Increases vulnerability to stress and disease Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 42 Copyright Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 43