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Questions and Answers
What is the process of transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell called?
What is the process of transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell called?
Which of the following is NOT one of the major categories of cells?
Which of the following is NOT one of the major categories of cells?
What percentage of total body fluid is considered intracellular fluid?
What percentage of total body fluid is considered intracellular fluid?
Which of the following ions is present in higher concentration in extracellular fluid compared to intracellular fluid?
Which of the following ions is present in higher concentration in extracellular fluid compared to intracellular fluid?
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What is the main role of homeostasis in the body?
What is the main role of homeostasis in the body?
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Which fluid compartment contains the highest percentage of the total body fluid?
Which fluid compartment contains the highest percentage of the total body fluid?
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Who is recognized as the Father of Physiology for first proposing the concept of homeostasis?
Who is recognized as the Father of Physiology for first proposing the concept of homeostasis?
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Which type of muscle cell is associated with involuntary movement and is found in the heart?
Which type of muscle cell is associated with involuntary movement and is found in the heart?
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Study Notes
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the body's process of maintaining stable internal conditions despite external changes.
- This balance is essential for proper functioning of cells, organs, and systems.
- Homeostasis is crucial for maintaining optimal body function in response to external changes.
- Homeostasis was first described by Claude Bernard.
Cellular Components
- The simplest structural units of a multicellular organism are cells.
- During development, cells specialize in particular functions through a process called differentiation.
- Differentiated cells are categorized into four main types: Muscle cells, Neurons, Epithelial cells, and Connective tissue cells.
Levels of Organization
- Organization levels range from atoms to molecules to organelles to cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to organism.
- Cellular differentiation creates specialized tissues.
- Specific types of muscle tissue include skeletal, cardiac and smooth.
- Muscle cells vary in structure and function (e.g., striated, smooth, branched).
Body Fluid Compartments
- Total body fluid constitutes approximately 60% of body weight, split into two main compartments:
- Intracellular fluid (40%), located inside cells
- Extracellular fluid (20%), found outside cells
- Extracellular fluid consists of Plasma (5%), Interstitial fluid (15%) and Transcellular fluid (<1%).
Composition of Body Fluids
- Extracellular fluid (plasma) has high levels of sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), and bicarbonate (HCO3-).
- Intracellular fluid has high levels of potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), and phosphates.
- Osmolarity of both fluids is roughly 290 mosm/L, a balance crucial to function.
Importance of Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is vital for normal bodily function.
- Disruptions can cause health issues like diabetes.
- Homeostasis is maintained by numerous organ systems.
- The nervous system responds quickly to changes.
- The endocrine system regulates via hormones over time.
- The respiratory system manages oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- The circulatory system transports materials.
- The kidneys manage water and electrolytes.
Set Point Concept
- The body has "set points" for things like temperature, blood sugar, and blood pressure.
- Homeostasis maintains these at stable levels.
- Feedback systems adjust values when they deviate from the set point.
Stress and Homeostasis
- Stress can disrupt homeostasis.
- Chronic stress can weaken the immune system.
- The body works to re-establish the balance when disrupted.
Key aspects of homeostasis
- Maintaining temperature around 37°C (98.6°F).
- Maintaining proper fluid balance (water and ion concentrations).
- Regulating blood sugar levels.
- Maintaining a stable pH in the blood.
Homeostasis and Temperature Control
- The body regulates temperature using the nervous system.
- Signals trigger responses like sweating or shivering to maintain a stable core temperature.
- The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature.
Fluid Balance
- The body regulates fluid balance through complex interactions involving the kidneys, hormones, and receptors responding to changes.
Blood Glucose Regulation
- Insulin and glucagon control blood glucose levels within a narrow range.
pH Balance
- The body maintains a consistent pH in the blood, vital for enzyme function.
Feedback Mechanisms
- Negative feedback systems restore normal state when homeostasis is disrupted.
- Example: Sweating when overheated.
- Positive feedback systems amplify a change until a final event occurs—e.g., blood clotting in wound healing.
Factors to regulate Homeostasis
- Hormones – crucial for maintaining balance (e.g., insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, aldosterone).
- Neurotransmitters – enable rapid communication within the body governing many functions (e.g. dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine).
- Cytokines – essential to control immune responses, maintain cellular homeostasis, and regulate inflammation (e.g., interleukins, TNF).
- Electrolytes – maintaining proper fluid and mineral balance (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium).
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