47 Questions
What are the anatomical divisions of the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
Which functional division of the peripheral nervous system carries impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle tissue?
Somatic nervous system
What does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) primarily control?
Cardiac muscle, glands, and smooth muscle
What is the fundamental unit of all branches & divisions of the nervous system?
Neuron
What is the transmission of messages through a wave of charge reversal that moves down the fiber?
Impulse transmission
Which part of the nervous system controls and regulates the autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
Which nervous system regulates energy-conserving activities and is associated with 'rest and digest' functions?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Which receptors are present in all autonomic ganglia and in the adrenal medulla?
Nicotinic receptors
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
How do cholinergic agents affect receptor sites mediated by acetylcholine?
Stimulate them
Which direct-acting cholinergic agent is used to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma?
Pilocarpine
What is the clinical use of edrophonium (Tensilon)?
Diagnose myasthenia gravis
How do adrenergic agents affect neurotransmitter activity?
Stimulate it
Which adrenergic blocking agent is primarily used to control blood pressure?
Alpha-1 blockers
How do drugs affect the autonomic nervous system by interfering with neurotransmitter release?
Block release
Which of the following is an antidote to organophosphate poisoning?
Atropine
Which adrenergic agent is primarily used for bronchodilation?
Isoproterenol
What is the primary clinical use of pralidoxime (2-PAM)?
To treat organophosphate intoxication
Which of the following is an adverse side effect of cholinergic blocking agents?
Tachycardia
Which adrenergic agent is primarily used to strengthen the heart during congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Dobutamine
Which of the following is an adverse side effect of adrenergic blocking agents?
Pulmonary edema
What is the primary clinical use of scopolamine?
Antidiarrheal
Which of the following cholinergic agents is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis?
Pyridostigmine
What is the primary clinical use of phenylephrine?
To reduce mucous membrane congestion
Which of the following is an adverse side effect of beta blockers?
Bronchoconstriction
What is the primary clinical use of dobutamine?
To strengthen heart during CHF
Which adrenergic agent is primarily used for short-term treatment of heart failure?
Dobutamine
Which type of drugs are used to prevent or control seizures?
Antidepressants
Which drugs are used for sedation, restraint, and anesthesia?
Neuroleptanalgesics
Which drugs are used to treat respiratory depression or arrest?
Neuromuscular blocking drugs
Which drugs are used as muscle relaxants and to facilitate intubation?
Neuromuscular blocking drugs
Which drugs are used for humane euthanasia?
Euthanasia agents
Which drugs are used to control fears and phobias?
Antianxiety medications
Which drugs are used for urine spraying/marking and intermale aggression?
Miscellaneous behavior modifiers
Which drugs are used to treat separation anxiety, obsessive disorders, fearful aggression, and hyperactivity?
Antidepressants
Which class of drugs is primarily used for sedation, relief of anxiety, and behavioral disorders?
Benzodiazepine derivatives
Which drug class is known for its adverse side effects of hypotension, hypothermia, and inducing seizures in epileptic animals?
Alpha-adrenergic blockers
Which drug class is characterized by depressing thalamic and hypothalamic areas of the brain?
Benzodiazepine derivatives
Which drug class is associated with clinical uses such as sedation, analgesia, and short-term anesthesia in horses?
Detomidine hydrochloride
Which drug class is known for its adverse side effects of bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression, and increased sensitivity to epinephrine?
Xylazine hydrochloride
Which drug class is primarily used for sedation, restraint, and anesthesia, and is associated with adverse side effects such as spastic jerking movement and convulsions?
Dissociatives
Which receptor class contributes to analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, physical dependence, and hypothermic actions?
Mu
Which receptor class contributes to analgesia, sedation, and miosis, and is found in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord?
Kappa
Which receptor class may be responsible for struggling, whining, hallucinations, and mydriatic effects?
Sigma
Which receptor class modifies mu receptor activity?
Delta
Which drug class is primarily used as pre-anesthetics or post-anesthetics for sedation and analgesia, and is associated with adverse side effects of respiratory depression?
Opioid agonists
Which drug class is known for its adverse side effects of potent depressing effects on the cardiac and pulmonary systems, especially in cats?
Barbiturates
Study Notes
Pharmacology in Veterinary Medicine
- Opioid agonists include naturally occurring narcotics such as opium and paregoric, as well as synthetic narcotics like meperidine, butorphanol tartrate, and fentanyl
- Opioid antagonists, like naloxone and diprenorphine, are used to block the effects of opioid agonists by binding with opiate receptors
- Neuroleptanalgesics, a combination of an opioid and tranquilizer, are used for sedation, restraint, and anesthesia, with agents including fentanyl & droperidol, acepromazine & morphine, and xylazine & butorphanol
- Drugs to prevent or control seizures include diazepam, phenobarbital, primidone, phenytoin sodium, potassium bromide, and clorazepate, but may have adverse side effects such as drowsiness and CNS depression
- Inhalants, like isoflurane, are converted from liquid to gas by an anesthetic vaporizer and delivered to the lungs to produce unconsciousness, analgesia, and muscle relaxation
- CNS stimulants, such as doxapram, are used to treat respiratory depression or arrest and may have adverse side effects like hypertension, seizures, and hyperventilation
- Neuromuscular blocking drugs, including succinylcholine chloride and nondepolarizing agents like tubocurarine and pancuronium, are muscle relaxants used as an adjunct to general anesthesia and to facilitate intubation
- Behavioral pharmacotherapy addresses separation anxiety, fears, phobias, unruliness, hyperactivity, compulsive disorders, cognitive dysfunction, and inappropriate elimination in animals
- Antianxiety medications like benzodiazepines (diazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam) and azapirones (buspirone) are used to control fears and phobias, separation anxiety, aggression, and anxiety-induced stereotypes
- Antidepressants, including tricyclics like amitriptyline and serotonin reuptake inhibitors like fluoxetine, are used to treat separation anxiety, obsessive disorders, fearful aggression, and hyperactivity, but may have adverse effects such as sedation and anorexia
- Miscellaneous behavior modifiers, like synthetic progestins megestrol acetate and medroxyprogesterone, are used for urine spraying/marking, intermale aggression, and dominance aggression, but may cause adverse side effects such as transient diabetes mellitus
- Euthanasia agents like pentobarbital sodium and T-61 are used for humane euthanasia, but may lead to adverse side effects like muscle twitching and agonal breathing
Test your knowledge of pharmacology in veterinary medicine with this quiz. Explore topics such as opioid agonists and antagonists, neuroleptanalgesics, drugs for seizures, inhalants, CNS stimulants, neuromuscular blocking drugs, behavioral pharmacotherapy, antianxiety medications, antidepressants, and euthanasia agents used in veterinary practice.
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