15 Questions
What is the correct sequence of human needs according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory?
Physiological Needs, Safety and Security, Love and Belongingness, Self-Esteem, Self-Actualization
Which type of learning focuses solely on observable behaviors and discounts the importance of mental activity?
Behaviorism
In classical conditioning, what is the term for a stimulus that before conditioning does not naturally bring about the response of interest?
Neutral Stimulus
What type of learning involves observing and imitating another's behavior?
Observational Learning
Which type of conditioning is based on involuntary responses?
Classical Conditioning
According to Thorndike’s Law of Effect, what strengthens behavior?
Positive Reinforcement
What is the term for the presentation or adding of something pleasant to strengthen behavior in operant conditioning?
Positive Reinforcement
What type of learning explains voluntary behaviors?
Operant Conditioning
What are the 4 elements that make up motivation, according to Daniel Goleman?
Personal drive, commitment, initiative, and optimism
What is the main difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivation is more positive, while extrinsic motivation may diminish intrinsic motivation
According to Instinct Theory, what are the motivations for sex, aggression, and achievement rooted in?
Evolutionary past
What does Drive Reduction Theory suggest leads to a drive to obtain basic biological requirements?
Lack of basic biological requirements
What are primary drives related to, according to Drive Reduction Theory?
Biological need of the body as a whole
According to Optimum Arousal Theory, under what conditions does performance best occur?
Moderate arousal
What effect does low arousal have on task performance, based on Optimum Arousal Theory?
One may be too lethargic to perform tasks well
Study Notes
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Human needs are structured in a five-level pyramid: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
Types of Learning
- Behavioral learning focuses solely on observable behaviors and discounts mental processes.
- Observational learning involves watching and imitating others' behaviors.
- Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses and uses a conditioned stimulus. A neutral stimulus that does not elicit the desired response beforehand is called an unconditioned stimulus.
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
- Behavior is strengthened by positive outcomes or rewards, reinforcing the likelihood of repeating that behavior.
Operant Conditioning
- Positive reinforcement involves the presentation of a pleasant stimulus to strengthen a behavior.
- Voluntary behaviors are explained through operant conditioning, where behaviors are learned based on their consequences.
Motivation Elements
- Daniel Goleman identifies four elements of motivation: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management.
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
- Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation relies on external rewards.
Instinct Theory
- According to Instinct Theory, motivations for sex, aggression, and achievement are rooted in biologically based instincts.
Drive Reduction Theory
- This theory suggests that unmet biological requirements lead to a drive to fulfill those needs.
- Primary drives are closely related to basic biological necessities, such as hunger and thirst.
Optimum Arousal Theory
- Performance is optimal under moderate arousal levels.
- Low arousal can negatively impact task performance, as neither too high nor too low arousal levels enhance efficiency.
Explore the concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and how they influence our drive to achieve goals. Learn about the elements that make up motivation and the different types that impact our behaviors and outcomes.
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