Sleeping Habits of Animals
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Sleeping Habits of Animals

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Questions and Answers

What is a common example of having an extra chromosome?

  • Down syndrome (correct)
  • Turner syndrome
  • Klinefelter syndrome
  • XYY syndrome

    • At what stage of development do external genitalia differentiate between males and females?

  • During puberty
  • At birth
  • Around six weeks of development (correct)
  • During adulthood

    • What is the reason for mice being attracted to other mice with different MHC genes?

  • To produce offspring with stronger immune systems (correct)
  • To produce offspring with weaker immune systems
  • To produce offspring with better hearing
  • To produce offspring with better vision

    • What is the purpose of the Morris Water Maze?

    <p>To investigate spatial memory in animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dolphins and whales sleep?

    <p>They sleep while swimming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about long-term depression (LTD)?

    <p>LTD helps make room for new memories and reduces the influence of unimportant memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Ca++ in Long-term potentiation (LTP)?

    <p>Ca++ facilitates the activation of protein kinases, creating new proteins necessary for restructuring the postsynaptic cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

    <p>In the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false:Diurnal animals are active at night and sleep during the day.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical representation of Hebb's rule?

    <p>Long-term potentiation (LTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are zeitgebers?

    <p>External stimuli that influence circadian rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is typically used to measure physiological responses during sleep?

    <p>Polysomnography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two phases of sleep?

    <p>REM and NREM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is involved in recalling personal events?

    <p>Episodic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is REM rebound?

    <p>An increase in the amount of REM sleep after sleep deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure promotes sleep?

    <p>The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus (VLPO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sleep aid is the most commonly used?

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common sleep disorder?

    <p>Insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are emotions?

    <p>Cognitive experiences associated with both positive and negative states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between acute and chronic stress?

    <p>Acute stress is short-term while chronic stress persists over a longer period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hormones?

    <p>Messenger molecules that affect cells throughout the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Paul Ekman known for?

    <p>Researching theories of emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines typical sexual development?

    <p>Chromosomes X and Y</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason for Patient H.M.'s temporal lobes being removed?

    <p>Epilepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent of MHC genes in humans?

    <p>HLA genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event triggers LTP?

    <p>Postsynaptic cell depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does REM rebound indicate about REM and NREM sleep?

    <p>They are governed by different brain regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein binds to DNA, causing transcription and the creation of certain proteins?

    <p>CREB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do people recognize emotions according to Ekman's research?

    <p>By looking at photographs of faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus?

    <p>To promote wakefulness and arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the way dolphins sleep?

    <p>They sleep with only one hemisphere of their brain at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary sex characteristics that differentiate males and females early in development?

    <p>Internal structures and external genitalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleep aid can lead to substance abuse and overdose?

    <p>Diazepam (Valium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is eustress?

    <p>A type of stress that can be healthy and counteract the effects of distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic condition occurs when an individual has one X chromosome but lacks another X or Y chromosome?

    <p>Turner syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sleep apnea is the most common?

    <p>Obstructive sleep apnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in spatial memory?

    <p>They help animals navigate the Morris water maze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do zeitgebers work with to maintain our twenty-four hour cycle?

    <p>Our internal clock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are hormones released from?

    <p>The endocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of Patient H.M.'s surgery?

    <p>Inability to convert short-term to long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can advanced at-home instruments evaluate during sleep?

    <p>Breathing, nasal airflow, and blood oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of LTD?

    <p>The influx of Ca++ at a small and slow pace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components do emotions have?

    <p>Physiological components affecting the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, and brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a stage of NREM sleep?

    <p>REM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information does the SCN receive?

    <p>Information about light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical development for an individual with XX chromosomes?

    <p>Develops as a female</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Crepuscular animals are most active during the day.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is involved in several types of memory, including episodic, semantic, and spatial memory?

    <p>The hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a study find about women's preference for the smell of T-shirts worn by men with different HLA genes?

    <p>Women preferred the smell of T-shirts worn by men with different HLA genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the retina send information directly to the SCN?

    <p>Melanopsin-containing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of changes occur during LTP to strengthen connections between pre- and postsynaptic cells?

    <p>Both chemical and structural changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the bodily functions that hormones are involved in?

    <p>Various bodily functions, including stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of converting short-term memory to long-term memory called?

    <p>Consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a free-running clock?

    <p>The circadian rhythm shown by animals if not provided zeitgebers like light/dark cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an electroencephalogram record during sleep?

    <p>Electrical activity from the cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sympathetic and parasympathetic activity during NREM sleep?

    <p>Sympathetic activity decreases and parasympathetic activity increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many basic and universal emotions did Ekman classify?

    <p>Six</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the amount of time spent in REM sleep change as we age?

    <p>We spend less time in REM sleep as we age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure contributes to waking up?

    <p>The locus coeruleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of antihypnotic drugs?

    <p>To inhibit sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does affect refer to?

    <p>The experience of emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics?

    <p>Estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleep disorder is caused by problems with the central nervous system?

    <p>Central sleep apnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atypical genetic makeup in males that results in an extra Y chromosome?

    <p>XYY syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are animals highly motivated to find the platform in the Morris Water Maze?

    <p>They do not like to swim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory was Patient H.M. still able to create?

    <p>Long-term non-declarative memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the benefits of short-term stress?

    <p>Short-term stress can facilitate memory, boost the immune system, and promote neuron growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hours of sleep does each side of a dolphin's brain get in a 24-hour period?

    <p>4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Humans and some primates sleep for 11-15 hours a night.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of LTD?

    <p>Long-term potentiation (LTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can LTP promote in terms of neural connections?

    <p>More axon-to-dendrite connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does an embryo have the capabilities of developing into a male or female?

    <p>Sixth week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the primordial gonad develop into?

    <p>Ovaries or testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did Ekman add other emotions to the list?

    <p>In the 1990s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is REM sleep associated with?

    <p>Dreaming and high-frequency brain wave activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fast stress response called?

    <p>The sympathomedullary pathway (SAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the stress response?

    <p>To combat stressors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neuropsychiatric disorders affecting mood and emotions called?

    <p>Affective disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relevance of LTP to research on neuropsychiatric disorders affecting memory?

    <p>LTP is relevant to research on neuropsychiatric disorders affecting memory, such as Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region plays a large role in consolidation?

    <p>The hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of the experiments Patient H.M. participated in?

    <p>Non-declarative memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Rodents sleep less than herbivores.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cataplexy?

    <p>A condition where muscle paralysis during REM sleep happens when a person is awake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is modafinil primarily prescribed for?

    <p>Narcolepsy or sleep apnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do dolphins have to come to the surface of the water to sleep?

    <p>To get some fresh air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atypical genetic makeup in males that results in an extra X chromosome?

    <p>Klinefelter syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical can act as a retrograde messenger, causing an increase in the release of glutamate?

    <p>Nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SCN?

    <p>A biological timekeeper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a study find about the association between HLA dissimilarity between partners and partnership and sexual satisfaction?

    <p>HLA dissimilarity was associated with higher partnership and sexual satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are involved in LTP?

    <p>AMPA and NMDA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Top carnivores sleep for about 20 hours a day.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unihemispheric sleep?

    <p>When only one hemisphere of the brain sleeps at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes neurons within the SCN to change their rate of firing?

    <p>Changes in light received</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cycle of sleep stages during the night?

    <p>N1 &gt; N2 &gt; N3 &gt; REM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does caffeine work?

    <p>By inhibiting sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many classifications of narcolepsy are there?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the slow stress response called?

    <p>The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the primordial gonad to develop into testes?

    <p>Testis-determining factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical development of embryos with XY chromosomes?

    <p>They develop as males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hormones in attraction and pair-bonding?

    <p>They play a major role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is emotional expression important for social animals?

    <p>It helps them avoid physical conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can moderate stress be beneficial?

    <p>By &quot;immunizing&quot; a person against the adverse effects of future stressors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the CNS made up of?

    <p>Neurons and glial cells in both the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which brain region does information enter the hippocampus?

    <p>The entorhinal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high CREB activity in the nucleus accumbens?

    <p>It increases the severity of certain types of drug addiction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory was unaffected by Patient H.M.'s surgery?

    <p>Sensory-motor memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are circadian rhythms?

    <p>Cycles of body activity, behavior, and sleep that occur over a 24-hour period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a chain reaction that modifies both the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells during LTP?

    <p>Ca++ entering the postsynaptic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What improvement did Patient H.M. show on tasks that did not involve sensory-motor learning?

    <p>Improvement in non-declarative memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connection between emotions and bonding?

    <p>Emotions produce bonding between mates, relatives, and parents and their offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can chronic stress do to the body and brain?

    <p>Have damaging effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system develops in response to testosterone in XY fetus with testes?

    <p>Wolffian system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are parasomnias?

    <p>A category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal movements, behaviors, and experiences during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential danger of energy shots and drinks?

    <p>They can cause heart arrhythmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Herbivores only sleep for 3-4 hours per day.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the autonomic nervous system control?

    <p>Functions such as blood vessel dilation, pupil constriction, and hormone release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is REM sleep also called paradoxical sleep?

    <p>Because the brain is active but the body is immobile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is intersex development?

    <p>A condition where sexual development does not follow a typical path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells send signals to granule cells in the dentate gyrus?

    <p>Cells from the entorhinal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do all animals sleep the same way?

    <p>No, animals sleep differently depending on their species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is consuming increasing amounts of caffeine?

    <p>Adolescents and college students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)?

    <p>A condition where an XX individual develops with some male characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does LTP cause changes to?

    <p>The synapse and how neurons communicate with each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the case study of Patient H.M. provide insights into?

    <p>The role of the temporal lobes in memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are theories of emotions important in various fields of study?

    <p>They help explain human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the axon tract leading from the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus?

    <p>The perforant pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of parasomnia?

    <p>Sleepwalking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Sleep patterns are similar across all animal species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about humans in relation to chronic stress?

    <p>They have a unique relationship with it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animals exhibit circadian rhythms?

    <p>Invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, birds, fish, and mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of sleep do newborns spend a large proportion of their sleep time in?

    <p>REM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can dolphins sleep for long periods of time?

    <p>No, they can only sleep for a few minutes at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stops developing under the influence of anti-Müllerian hormone in XY fetus with testes?

    <p>Müllerian system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)?

    <p>A condition where the person has the sex chromosomes (XY), but their tissue is completely insensitive to androgens like testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sleep paralysis?

    <p>An inability to control muscle activity while awake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the hemisphere of the brain that is not sleeping while a dolphin is sleeping?

    <p>It stays conscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells send signals into the hippocampus proper to pyramidal cells in regions called CA3 and CA1?

    <p>Cells from the dentate gyrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the retinohypothalamic pathway responsible for?

    <p>Providing information about light to the SCN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the downside of having a big brain in relation to chronic stress?

    <p>It can produce persistent worry and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Nocturnal animals are active during the day.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is unihemispheric sleep important for dolphins?

    <p>It allows them to stay alert and avoid predators while sleeping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes chronic stress?

    <p>Our thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypocretin?

    <p>A neurotransmitter that helps prevent REM sleep from occurring at the wrong time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of changes occur at the granule cells in long-term potentiation?

    <p>Synaptic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is melanopsin?

    <p>A photopigment that is sensitive to blue light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Complete AIS?

    <p>A form of androgen insensitivity syndrome where the person has the sex chromosomes (XY), but their tissue is completely insensitive to androgens like testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Animals' sleep patterns are not related to their survival.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Diurnal animals are most active at dawn and dusk.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for difficulty in recalling memories?

    <p>Retrograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the SCN play in circadian rhythms?

    <p>It plays an essential role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dolphins and whales breathe while sleeping?

    <p>They come to the surface of the water to breathe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of sleep paralysis?

    <p>REM-sleep brain activity happening too soon or remaining when waking up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if stress is not managed?

    <p>It can be harmful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hours of sleep do dolphins need per day?

    <p>4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Humans and some primates require 7-10 hours of sleep per night.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is involved in recalling general knowledge and facts?

    <p>Semantic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the SCN located in relation to the optic chiasm?

    <p>Above the optic chiasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Sleep is important for avoiding predators.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for dolphins to sleep?

    <p>It helps them conserve energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is involved in remembering locations and directions?

    <p>Spatial memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the pineal gland play in perceiving time and seasons?

    <p>It plays an essential role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Animals exhibit different circadian rhythms
    • Diurnal animals are active during the day and sleep at night
    • Nocturnal animals are active at night and sleep during the day
    • Crepuscular animals are most active at dawn and dusk
    • Humans and some primates sleep 7-10 hours a night
    • Rodents sleep longer (11-15 hours)
    • Top carnivores sleep around 20 hours per day
    • Herbivores only sleep 3-4 hours per day
    • Sleep patterns vary among different species
    • Sleep is important for survival and avoiding predators.

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    Description

    "Test your knowledge on the fascinating world of animal sleep patterns with this quiz! From diurnal and nocturnal animals to the amount of sleep different species need, this quiz will challenge your understanding of the importance of sleep for survival. Discover interesting facts and keywords specific to each topic and become an expert on animal sleep rhythms."

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