23 Questions
What process forms igneous rocks when magma cools beneath Earth's surface?
Crystallization
Why do igneous rocks formed from magma cooling beneath Earth's surface generally have larger crystals?
The molecules have time to form larger crystals
What is Bowen's reaction series primarily concerned with?
Predicting igneous rock formation
What did Norman Bowen hypothesize as the main factor influencing the occurrence of certain minerals together in igneous rocks?
The temperature at which the rocks cooled
How did Norman Bowen conduct experiments with igneous rocks?
He took samples of igneous rocks, crushed them into powder, and heated them to various temperatures
What is the result of magma cooling above Earth's surface?
Finer-grained texture
What is magmatic differentiation primarily concerned with?
The process of magma evolving into more than one rock type
What does Bowen's reaction series explain?
The crystallization of magma upon cooling
In Bowen's reaction series, which minerals crystallize at higher temperatures?
Olivine
Which mnemonic can be used to remember the order of minerals formed in the discontinuous series of Bowen's reaction series?
Olive Pits Are Bitter
What is the primary mineral involved at the highest temperature in the continuous series of Bowen's reaction series?
Calcium-rich plagioclase
What is the process of magmatic differentiation primarily concerned with?
Explaining how different igneous rocks can originate from single magma melts
What happens to crystals in the process of magmatic differentiation?
They tend to sink because they become denser than surrounding magma
What does the Bowen's reaction series diagram depict?
The formation of different minerals as magma cools
What results from the process of magmatic differentiation?
Layers of chemically divergent igneous rocks
What does Bowen's reaction series explain?
Formation of different minerals as magma cools
Which mineral is the first to crystallize from magma at high temperatures in the discontinuous series of Bowen's reaction series?
Olivine
What does magmatic differentiation explain?
Process of how igneous rocks originate from single magma melts
What does the mnemonic 'Olive Pits Are Bitter' help to remember?
Order of minerals formed in the discontinuous series of Bowen's reactions
What is the mnemonic 'P.M. Quiet' used for in Bowen's reaction series?
To remember the last minerals and the temperatures when they are formed
What is the mnemonic 'P.M. Quiet' used for in Bowen's reaction series?
To remember the last minerals and the temperatures when they are formed
What does the continuous series of Bowen's reaction series involve?
Replacement of calcium with sodium in a fluid manner through continual mixing
What is the mnemonic for remembering the order of minerals in the continuous series of Bowen's reaction series?
The C in calcium comes before the letter S in sodium
Study Notes
Igneous Rock Formation
- Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools beneath Earth's surface through a process called plutonism.
- Magma cooling beneath Earth's surface results in larger crystals because the magma cools slowly, allowing minerals to grow larger.
Bowen's Reaction Series
- Bowen's reaction series is primarily concerned with the order of mineral crystallization from magma.
- Norman Bowen hypothesized that the main factor influencing the occurrence of certain minerals together in igneous rocks is the temperature of magma.
- Bowen conducted experiments with igneous rocks by heating and cooling them to simulate natural geological processes.
- Bowen's reaction series explains the order of mineral crystallization from magma, with minerals crystallizing at higher temperatures first.
Mineral Crystallization
- In Bowen's reaction series, minerals crystallize in a specific order, with olivine crystallizing at the highest temperatures in the discontinuous series.
- The mnemonic "Olive Pits Are Bitter" can be used to remember the order of minerals in the discontinuous series.
- In the continuous series, the primary mineral involved at the highest temperature is calcium-rich plagioclase.
Magmatic Differentiation
- Magmatic differentiation is primarily concerned with the process of magma differentiation and the resulting changes in mineral composition.
- During magmatic differentiation, crystals settle out of the magma, resulting in a change in the magma's composition.
- The result of magmatic differentiation is a change in the mineral composition of the resulting igneous rock.
- Magmatic differentiation explains the variation in mineral composition between different igneous rocks.
Bowen's Reaction Series Diagram
- The Bowen's reaction series diagram depicts the order of mineral crystallization from magma.
- The diagram shows the discontinuous and continuous series of mineral crystallization.
Test your knowledge of igneous rock formation with this quiz! Explore how magma cools and solidifies to create different types of igneous rocks, and learn about the process of crystallization. Gain a deeper understanding of the formation of igneous rocks both above and below Earth's surface.
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