Group Processes and Individual Influence Quiz

, religious leader, teacher, boss o Research: Zimbardo et al (1973): Stanford Prison Experiment Gender Roles o Expectations _______ how men and women should behave o E

Groups Defined: A collection of three or more people who interact with one another and are ________________ in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to rely on one another

Why Join Groups. Fundamental need o Intrinsically rewarding o _______________ reasons

Achieve objectives _______________

Define ourselves o ________________

Provide a lens through which we understand the world o ________________

Motivation for social _______________

Social Norms o Exert strong _______________ over behaviour o Vary across groups

Social Roles: o Shared expectations by group members about how particular people in the group are supposed to ______________ o E.g., religious leader, teacher, boss o Research: Zimbardo et al (1973): Stanford Prison Experiment

Gender Roles o Expectations about how men and women should ______________ o E.g.

Group cohesiveness: o Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking among them o Good socially, drawbacks for problem-solving Group ______: o Tend to attract similar individuals o Groups encourage similar behaviour • Social norms and conformity o Diverse groups can perform better

Social Facilitation: o The tendency for people to do better on simple tasks but worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated. o Well-learned tasks are performed ______

Social Loafing: o The tendency for people to do worse on simple tasks but better on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated o Common Definition: the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in groups compared to when working individually

Deindividuation: o The loosening of normal constraints on behaviour when people are in a group, leading to an increase in impulsive and deviant acts

Failure to share unique information o Groups tend to focus on shared information o Limited time/attention o Solutions: • Make people responsible for specific areas of expertise • Ensure group discussions last long enough to afford people the chance to share unique ______

Groupthink: o A kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic ______

Social Dilemma: o A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual, if chosen by most people, will have harmful effects on ______

Other people cause us to become particularly alert and ______

Others make us apprehensive about how we’re being ______

Others distract us from the task at ______

, “The Tragedy of the Commons” (Harden, 1968) The Prisoner’s Dilemma o Increase cooperation: • • • • Friends/future interactions Individuals over groups Tit-for-tat strategy Consistent cooperation ______ and Cooperation Using Threats to Resolve ______ o Not typically an effective means of resolving conflict Negotiation and Bargaining o Negotiation: A form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict, in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree o Integrative Solution: A solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues according to their different interests • Each side concedes the most on issues that are unimportant to them but important to the other side • Can be difficult to identify what is most important to each The End

Increase cooperation: • • • • Friends/future interactions Individuals over groups Tit-for-tat strategy Consistent cooperation ______ and Cooperation

Using Threats to Resolve ______ o Not typically an effective means of resolving conflict

Negotiation: A form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict, in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree

Integrative Solution: A solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues according to their different interests • Each side concedes the most on issues that are unimportant to them but important to the other side • Can be difficult to identify what is most important to each