30 Questions
What are the two theories mentioned in the text to explain the reduction of intergroup conflict?
Allport’s Contact hypothesis and Osgood’s GRIT
What were the three phases of the experiment conducted at the summer camp?
Group Formation, Intergroup Competition, Superordinate Goals
What conditions were found to be effective in promoting positive intergroup relations?
Structured contact promoting equal status, common goal, and cooperation
What is the ability of contact to reduce prejudice linked to, according to the text?
Familiarity breeding liking and uncertainty reduction
Which concept is described as the tendency to consider behavior as reflecting immutable properties of groups?
Essentialism
What was the role of Graduated Reciprocation in Tension-Reduction (GRIT), as mentioned in the text?
Maintaining peace
What was found to be not essential for positive outcomes of intergroup contact, according to the text?
Allport’s conditions
What did the experiment at the summer camp aim to investigate?
Intergroup conflict and conditions for its reduction
What was effective in reducing intergroup conflict, as mentioned in the text?
Introduction of superordinate goals requiring cooperation
What did the structured contact promoting equal status, common goal, and cooperation prove to be effective in?
Fostering positive intergroup relations
According to role congruity theory, what contributes to the gender gap in leadership?
Inconsistent social stereotypes of women with effective leadership schemas
What does the glass ceiling refer to?
An invisible barrier preventing women and minorities from attaining top leadership positions
What does the glass cliff phenomenon refer to?
The tendency for women to be appointed to precarious leadership positions associated with a high probability of failure and criticism
How does the media often illustrate men and women, perpetuating gender stereotypes?
Men with greater prominence to the head and women with greater prominence to the body
How can discrimination be expressed according to the text?
As social distance or ambivalence behaviors or feelings, and can manifest as symbolic racism
What does tokenism involve?
Giving trivial concessions to a minority group to deflect accusations of discrimination
What does reverse discrimination refer to?
Favoring a minority group over a majority group to deflect accusations of discrimination
According to the text, what impact does aging have on the popularity of male and female actors?
Males are more likely to be nominated for best picture Oscars and to win movie guide ratings
What are the types of stigma mentioned in the text?
Visual, concealable/internal, or controllable
According to the text, why does stigma persist?
Due to self-evaluative advantage, legitimizing inequalities of status, and feelings of certainty and controllability
According to the three-component model (ABC model), which component refers to our belief or feeling toward a social group?
Affective
What term is used to describe the differential treatment among people based on their category membership?
Discrimination
What is the term for the generalised beliefs about characteristics and behaviors of a group?
Stereotype
In the context of stereotypes, what component is associated with traits that are perceived to be more common among members of a particular social category?
Cognitive
What is the term used to describe the worry that stigmatised people may confirm negative stereotypes, leading to increased anxiety and negative emotions?
Stereotype threat
Which term refers to the interactive model of intergroup attitudes?
ABC model
What is the term for the differential treatment among people based on their category membership?
Discrimination
In the context of intergroup attitudes, which component refers to reacting to others differently because of their category membership?
Behavioural
What is the term for the prejudice and discrimination against people based on their gender?
Sexism
In the context of stereotypes, what term is used to describe the stigmatised groups' awareness of the negative stereotypes others have about them?
Stereotype awareness
Study Notes
Gender Discrimination and Stigma in Social Psychology
- Role congruity theory suggests that social stereotypes of women are inconsistent with effective leadership schemas, leading to a gender gap in leadership.
- The glass ceiling is an invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from attaining top leadership positions.
- The glass cliff phenomenon refers to the tendency for women to be appointed to precarious leadership positions associated with a high probability of failure and criticism.
- Media often illustrate men with greater prominence to the head and women with greater prominence to the body, perpetuating gender stereotypes.
- Discrimination can be expressed as social distance or ambivalence behaviors or feelings, and can manifest as symbolic racism.
- Tokenism involves giving trivial concessions to a minority group to deflect accusations of discrimination.
- Reverse discrimination refers to favoring a minority group over a majority group to deflect accusations of discrimination.
- Aging has an impact on the popularity of male and female actors, with males being more likely to be nominated for best picture Oscars and to win movie guide ratings.
- Stigma can be visual, concealable/internal, or controllable, and targets cannot easily avoid being the target of stereotypes and discrimination.
- Stigma persists due to self-evaluative advantage, legitimizing inequalities of status, and feelings of certainty and controllability.
- Prejudice can stem from competition between social groups over valued commodities or opportunities, contributing to increased negativity between groups.
- Tajfel's minimal group paradigm suggests that mere classification of individuals into arbitrary groups can result in discrimination, with in-group bias being more important than out-group.
Test your knowledge on gender discrimination and stigma in social psychology with this insightful quiz. Explore concepts such as the glass ceiling, tokenism, reverse discrimination, and the impact of media portrayal on perpetuating gender stereotypes. Delve into the complexities of stigma and prejudice, and gain a deeper understanding of the psychological factors contributing to discrimination and inequality.
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