Adaptive vs. Innate Immunity: Cytokines and Immune Communication

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What is the main focus of autoimmune diseases?

Targeting the immune system

Protecting the organs

Attacking infectious agents

Damaging tissues of the body (correct)

Which type of immunity is nonspecific and older in evolutionary terms?

Granulocyte immunity

Adaptive immunity

Lymphocytic immunity

Innate immunity (correct)

What is the role of lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in adaptive immunity?

Mediating innate immunity

Recognizing specific microbial invaders (correct)

Maintaining nonspecific defenses

Producing memory cells

Which cells are involved in mediating innate immunity?

Granulocytes and leukocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of memory cells in adaptive immunity?

Providing a rapid response upon recurring infection Signup and view all the answers

Where are lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) distributed in the body?

Throughout different tissues in the body Signup and view all the answers

What does innate immunity focus on defending against?

Non-specific threats Signup and view all the answers

'Adaptive immunity produces _ cells that permit a rapid response if a specific microbe appears again.' Fill in the blank.

'Memory' Signup and view all the answers

Where do lymphocytes primarily undergo activation and proliferation?

Secondary lymphoid organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the immune system?

Recognize and bind surface components of invaders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity?

Acts as a physical barrier against infections Signup and view all the answers

What role do natural killer (NK) cells play in immunity?

Destroy unhealthy host cells Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme hydrolyzes bacterial cell wall components to kill bacterial cells?

Lysozyme Signup and view all the answers

Why do some pathogenic bacteria avoid phagocytosis by granulocytes and macrophages?

By covering their cell walls with a capsule Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of complement activation by antigen-antibody complexes?

Rupture membranes of invading cells Signup and view all the answers

How does opsonization contribute to the immune response?

It increases the efficiency of phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NK cells in the immune response?

Recognize antigens on infected cells and kill them Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibodies bind receptors for complement activation?

IgG and IgM Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of complement system proteins?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

How do antibodies optimize innate immunity through opsonization?

By enhancing phagocytosis efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What happens when NK cells are activated?

They kill virus-infected cells Signup and view all the answers

How do complement components help in the immune response?

Rupturing membranes, clumping cells, and activating leukocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of cytokines in the immune system?

Stimulate growth in T lymphocytes and NK cells Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes cytokines?

Coordinate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of antibodies in the immune system?

Interact specifically with antigenic determinants Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is responsible for eosinophil proliferation, differentiation, and activation?

IL-5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of GM-CSF and M-CSF cytokines?

Promote growth and differentiation of leukocyte progenitor cells Signup and view all the answers

In what type of immunity do antibodies primarily play a role?

Adaptive immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the immunoglobulin molecules is recognized by cell surface receptors on basophils and mast cells?

Constant Fc region Signup and view all the answers

What component of immunoglobulins makes up an antibody's antigen-binding site?

Variable region Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibodies is the most abundant in blood?

IgG Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin class crosses the placental barrier into the fetal circulation, conferring passive immunity to the newborn?