30 Questions
According to the text, motivation includes two components. What are they?
The direction in which activity is motivated and the strength of the motivation
Which theoretical perspective on motivation argues that basic human motives derive from the tasks of survival and reproduction?
Evolutionary psychology
According to Freud, what are humans motivated by?
Internal tension states for sex and aggression
What do contemporary psychodynamic theorists emphasize as motives for humans?
Wishes and fears for self-esteem and relatedness
According to drive-reduction theories, what leads an animal to act?
Deprivation of basic needs
What is the definition of motivation according to the text?
The moving force that energizes behavior
Which two major clusters of motives are mentioned in the text?
Agency and relatedness
What is the need for achievement?
A motive to succeed and avoid failure
What are the two types of goals underlying achievement motivation?
Performance goals and mastery goals
What factors influence the strength of a motive?
A blend of innate factors and learning and culture
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, what is the relationship between bodily experience and emotion?
Bodily experience is the cause of emotion
What are display rules?
Patterns of emotional regulation
Which of the following is a function of the endocrine system?
Sending global messages through the bloodstream
Which division of the peripheral nervous system controls basic life processes such as heartbeat and digestion?
Parasympathetic nervous system
What is the major function of the cerebellum?
Coordinating smooth movements and discriminating stimuli
Which structure in the central nervous system controls vital physiological functions such as heartbeat and respiration?
Medulla oblongata
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals that transmit information across the synapse
What is the role of the somatic nervous system?
Receiving information through sensory receptors and directing the action of skeletal muscles
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met before higher-level needs become active?
Physiological needs
What is the term used to describe the body's tendency to maintain a relatively constant state or internal equilibrium?
Homeostasis
What are the two phases of metabolism?
Absorptive and fasting phases
What signals the brain that short- and long-term fuel stores are diminishing and increases hunger?
Falling glucose and lipid levels in the bloodstream
What are the most important mechanisms for signaling satiety (fullness) in the body?
Receptors in the intestines
What refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, and activities attributed by society as being appropriate for men and women?
Gender
Which structures are involved in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory?
The septal area, amygdala, and hippocampus
What functions are associated with the frontal lobes?
Coordination of movement, attention, planning, and memory
What connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex?
The corpus callosum
Which lobes are specialized for vision?
The occipital lobes
What is neuroplasticity?
The brain's ability to develop and change in response to neural, environmental, and behavioral experiences
What does heritability refer to?
The proportion of variability among individuals on an observed trait that can be accounted for by variability in their genes
Study Notes
Components of Motivation
- Motivation consists of two components: activation (the initiation of behavior) and persistence (the continued effort towards a goal).
Theoretical Perspectives
- The evolutionary perspective argues that basic human motives are rooted in survival and reproduction.
- Freud posited that humans are primarily motivated by unconscious desires and drives related to sex and aggression.
Contemporary Psychodynamic Theories
- Contemporary psychodynamic theorists emphasize the importance of social and relational motives, along with unconscious processes.
Drive-Reduction Theories
- Drive-reduction theories suggest that biological needs create drives that lead animals to act in ways that reduce those drives, restoring balance.
Definition of Motivation
- Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.
Major Clusters of Motives
- Two major clusters of motives are physiological needs (such as hunger and thirst) and psychological needs (such as achievement and affiliation).
Need for Achievement
- The need for achievement is defined as the desire to accomplish something difficult and to excel in competitive situations.
Goals Underlying Achievement Motivation
- Two types of goals are associated with achievement motivation: mastery goals (focused on learning and self-improvement) and performance goals (focused on demonstrating ability relative to others).
Influencing Factors of Motive Strength
- Factors influencing the strength of a motive include individual expectations, value placed on the goal, and the perceived difficulty of the task.
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
- According to the James-Lange theory, bodily experiences (such as physiological responses) precede and shape emotional experiences.
Display Rules
- Display rules are societal guidelines that dictate how and when emotions can be expressed.
Endocrine System Function
- The endocrine system is involved in hormone regulation, affecting growth, metabolism, and mood.
Peripheral Nervous System Division
- The autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion.
Cerebellum Function
- The cerebellum is crucial for coordinating voluntary movements, balance, and motor learning.
Central Nervous System Control
- The brainstem governs vital processes such as heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure.
Neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that facilitate communication between neurons in the brain.
Somatic Nervous System Role
- The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary movement and the transmission of sensory information.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- In Maslow's hierarchy, physiological needs (like food, water, and shelter) must be fulfilled before higher-level needs, such as esteem and self-actualization, become operative.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis refers to the body's tendency to maintain a stable internal environment or equilibrium.
Metabolism Phases
- Metabolism consists of two phases: catabolism (breaking down substances for energy) and anabolism (building up substances for growth).
Hunger Signals
- Hormones like ghrelin signal the brain when short- and long-term fuel stores are low, triggering hunger.
Satiety Mechanisms
- Leptin and insulin are critical for signaling satiety and regulating energy balance in the body.
Gender Roles
- Gender roles are the socially constructed behaviors and activities deemed appropriate for men and women.
Brain Structures and Functions
- The limbic system includes structures involved in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory.
Frontal Lobe Functions
- The frontal lobes are associated with higher cognitive functions, including decision-making, problem-solving, and emotional regulation.
Cerebral Cortex Connection
- The corpus callosum connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex, facilitating communication between them.
Vision Specialization
- The occipital lobes are specialized for processing visual information.
Neuroplasticity
- Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to reorganize and form new connections in response to learning and experience.
Heritability
- Heritability refers to the proportion of variation in a trait that can be attributed to genetic differences among individuals within a population.
Test your knowledge of achievement motivation and performance goals with this quiz! Explore the influence of cultural and economic conditions on the need for achievement and learn about the two major clusters of motives: agency and relatedness. Discover how these motives shape our goals and drive us towards success or failure.
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