Identify the five main elements that make up all living things. How are hydrogen bonds different from other types of bonds? Draw a few water molecules. Label the types of bonds fou... Identify the five main elements that make up all living things. How are hydrogen bonds different from other types of bonds? Draw a few water molecules. Label the types of bonds found in and between the molecules. How does electronegativity affect the interactions between water molecules? Describe the properties of water. Give an example of each. Describe two ways in which the properties of water benefit organisms. Draw the chemical formula of these functional groups: hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, phosphate, amine. How do functional groups affect the structure and behavior of organic molecules? What makes carbon a versatile element? Why is it important to living things? Draw an example of a hydrolysis reaction and a dehydration synthesis reaction. Explain water’s role in hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions. Draw the general structure of an amino acid. How do the R groups of amino acids contribute to protein structure? How does saturation affect fatty acid structure and its behavior? What is trans fat? Create a chart that shows each macromolecule, their corresponding monomers/polymers, the elements that make up the macromolecule, and their roles. Identify the three components of a nucleotide. What are three structural differences between a DNA molecule and a RNA molecule? Read more

Main elements: C, H, N, O, P. Hydrogen bonds are weaker dipole-dipole attractions. Water properties: cohesion, adhesion, heat capacity, surface tension. Hydrolysis needs water; dehydration removes water. Nucleotides: sugar, phosphate, base.

The main elements composing living things are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus. Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent or ionic bonds and occur between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen. Electronegativity difference in water leads to polar covalent bonds and strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Water's properties include cohesion, adhesion, high heat capacity, and surface tension, benefiting organisms by supporting life processes like temperature regulation and nutrient transport. Functional groups impact organic molecules' reactivity; hydroxyl (–OH), carboxyl (–COOH), carbonyl (C=O), phosphate (–PO₄³⁻), and amine (–NH₂) groups are key. Carbon's four valence electrons make it versatile in forming complex structures. Hydrolysis involves water breaking down polymers; dehydration synthesis combines molecules with water removal. Amino acids have central carbon, amine group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and R group. R groups determine protein structure. Saturation affects fatty acid bending and solubility; trans fats are unsaturated fats with trans double bonds. Macromolecules include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Nucleotides contain a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. DNA molecules are double-stranded helixes with deoxyribose sugars and thymine; RNA is single-strand with ribose sugars and uracil.