Questions and Answers
What was a major change in European thought during the mid-1500s?
What is the heliocentric theory?
The idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.
What is the scientific method?
A logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world.
What was the Enlightenment?
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What is a social contract?
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Natural rights include the right to _____, liberty, and property.
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Who were the philosophes?
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What does the separation of powers refer to?
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Who came up with the heliocentric theory?
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What did Johannes Kepler show about planetary orbits?
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What did Galileo Galilei prove?
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Who said scientists should make conclusions based on experiments?
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What concept did Rene Descartes develop?
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What concept did Isaac Newton introduce?
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Who is associated with the idea of the social contract?
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What did Voltaire criticize in his literature?
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What did Montesquieu believe in?
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Who inspired the French Revolution?
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What is the focus of Mary Wollstonecraft's argument?
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The Enlightenment was the Age of __________.
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Hobbes believed that humans were __________ and __________.
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Hobbes believed in the Social _________.
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What type of government did Hobbes believe was best?
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What was the name of Hobbes' book?
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John Locke believed people could govern ___________.
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Locke believed every man was born with ___________.
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Locke's natural rights include: __________, liberty, and property.
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What did Locke believe was the purpose of government?
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What were the five concepts of French philosophes?
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Who was the most influential French philosophe?
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What happened to Voltaire due to his criticism?
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Montesquieu believed in which branches of government?
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What idea did Beccaria promote?
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Beccaria believed that a punishment should be based on what?
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What problem did Enlightenment thinkers believe could be solved by human reason?
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During the Enlightenment, people began to question religion and _____.
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What were Paris salons?
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People shared ideas in three ways: books, magazine articles, and __________.
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Neoclassical art borrowed ideas from __________.
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What class of people liked neoclassical art?
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What is a novel?
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Frederick the Great was king of ________.
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What freedoms did Frederick the Great grant?
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What were Joseph of Austria's reforms?
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Huguenots were French ______.
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What dynasty did Henry begin in France?
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How old was Louis XIV when he took power?
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What was another name for Louis XIV?
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Who was John Baptiste Colbert?
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Two ways Colbert made France more self-sufficient:
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Who was Louis XIV's minister when he first became king?
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What was Cardinal Mazarin's greatest success?
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Two reasons the people hated Mazarin:
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What happened at the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?
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Henry of Navarre converted to __________.
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Henry of Navarre passed the Edict of Nantes which granted Huguenots ____________.
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Study Notes
Scientific Revolution
- Initiated major changes in European thought from the mid-1500s, emphasizing careful observation and questioning of established beliefs.
- Key figures include Nicolaus Copernicus, who proposed the heliocentric theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun, challenging geocentric models endorsed by the Church.
- Galileo Galilei supported Copernicus with observational evidence, leading to the development of the modern experimental method but faced imprisonment for his views.
Key Theorists and Concepts
- Johannes Kepler demonstrated that planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths, supporting heliocentric theory.
- Isaac Newton developed the concepts of gravity and motion, laying the foundation for classical physics.
- Francis Bacon advocated for empirical research and scientific methods; René Descartes introduced analytical geometry and logic.
Enlightenment Ideas
- An 18th century movement where thinkers applied reason and scientific methods to all societal aspects.
- John Locke introduced concepts of the social contract, emphasizing natural rights—life, liberty, and property, asserting that government's purpose is to protect these rights.
- Jean Jacques Rousseau argued that legitimate government derives from the consent of the governed and believed in equality among people.
Political Philosophy
- The social contract theory posits people exchange some freedoms for order under a strong ruler, which Hobbes advocated for with absolute monarchy.
- Montesquieu's theory on separation of powers divided government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
- Voltaire used satire to critique French society and was notably exiled for his views.
Influential Movements and Changes
- Enlightenment promoted reason as a solution for social problems, leading to questioning established religious beliefs.
- Paris salons, often hosted by women, served as venues for discussing enlightenment ideas.
- The neoclassical style in art and architecture drew inspiration from ancient Greece and Rome, popular among the middle class.
Social and Cultural Developments
- Mary Wollstonecraft was an advocate for women's rights, pushing forward gender equality discussions.
- The term "novel" defines works of prose fiction that became increasingly popular during this period.
Governance and Reforms
- Frederick the Great of Prussia implemented religious freedom, reduced censorship, and enhanced education.
- Joseph II of Austria reformed by allowing freedom of the press, abolishing serfdom, and mandating fair wages.
Historical Events and Figures
- The Huguenots were French Protestants, facing persecution leading to events like the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
- Henry IV initiated the Bourbon dynasty in France and granted Huguenots religious freedom through the Edict of Nantes.
- Louis XIV, known as the Sun King, assumed power at age 23, with finance minister John Baptiste Colbert promoting self-sufficiency in France.
Key Players in Governance
- Cardinal Mazarin, Louis XIV's main adviser, notably ended the Thirty Years' War but faced public resentment due to increased taxes and central government authority.
Summary
- Enlightenment thinkers greatly influenced response to governance, human rights, and societal structures, laying groundwork for modern political thought and democracy.
- The Scientific Revolution's emphasis on observation and experimentation transformed the approach to understanding the natural world.
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Description
Explore key concepts from Chapter 22 of World History through these flashcards. Learn about significant terms such as the Scientific Revolution and Heliocentric theory that shaped modern science. This quiz is perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of historical scientific developments.