World History Chapter 22 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What was a major change in European thought during the mid-1500s?

Industrial Revolution

Renaissance

Scientific Revolution (correct)

Enlightenment

What is the heliocentric theory?

The idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.

What is the scientific method?

A logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world.

What was the Enlightenment?

An 18th-century European movement applying reasoning and scientific principles to society. Signup and view all the answers

What is a social contract?

People give up some rights to have a strong ruler. Signup and view all the answers

Natural rights include the right to _____, liberty, and property.

life Signup and view all the answers

Who were the philosophes?

Social critics in France during the Enlightenment. Signup and view all the answers

What does the separation of powers refer to?

The division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Signup and view all the answers

Who came up with the heliocentric theory?

Nicolaus Copernicus. Signup and view all the answers

What did Johannes Kepler show about planetary orbits?

They orbit the sun in elliptical orbits. Signup and view all the answers

What did Galileo Galilei prove?

That the sun was the center of the solar system. Signup and view all the answers

Who said scientists should make conclusions based on experiments?

Francis Bacon. Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Rene Descartes develop?

Analytical geometry. Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Isaac Newton introduce?

Gravity. Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with the idea of the social contract?

John Locke. Signup and view all the answers

What did Voltaire criticize in his literature?

French society. Signup and view all the answers

What did Montesquieu believe in?

Separation of powers. Signup and view all the answers

Who inspired the French Revolution?

Jean Jacques Rousseau. Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Mary Wollstonecraft's argument?

Women's rights. Signup and view all the answers

The Enlightenment was the Age of __________.

Reason. Signup and view all the answers

Hobbes believed that humans were and .

selfish and wicked. Signup and view all the answers

Hobbes believed in the Social _________.

Contract. Signup and view all the answers

What type of government did Hobbes believe was best?

Absolute Monarchy. Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of Hobbes' book?

Leviathan. Signup and view all the answers

John Locke believed people could govern ___________.

themselves. Signup and view all the answers

Locke believed every man was born with ___________.

natural rights. Signup and view all the answers

Locke's natural rights include: __________, liberty, and property.

life. Signup and view all the answers

What did Locke believe was the purpose of government?

To protect men's natural rights. Signup and view all the answers

What were the five concepts of French philosophes?

Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, Liberty. Signup and view all the answers

Who was the most influential French philosophe?

Voltaire. Signup and view all the answers

What happened to Voltaire due to his criticism?

He was exiled from France. Signup and view all the answers

Montesquieu believed in which branches of government?

Executive, legislative, and judicial. Signup and view all the answers

What idea did Beccaria promote?

Criminal justice. Signup and view all the answers

Beccaria believed that a punishment should be based on what?

The seriousness of the crime. Signup and view all the answers

What problem did Enlightenment thinkers believe could be solved by human reason?

Social problems. Signup and view all the answers

During the Enlightenment, people began to question religion and _____.

God. Signup and view all the answers

What were Paris salons?

Held in women's homes to discuss the Enlightenment. Signup and view all the answers

People shared ideas in three ways: books, magazine articles, and __________.

personal letters. Signup and view all the answers

Neoclassical art borrowed ideas from __________.

Greece and Rome. Signup and view all the answers

What class of people liked neoclassical art?

Middle class. Signup and view all the answers

What is a novel?

A work of prose fiction. Signup and view all the answers

Frederick the Great was king of ________.

Prussia. Signup and view all the answers

What freedoms did Frederick the Great grant?

Religious freedom, got rid of censorship, and improved education. Signup and view all the answers

What were Joseph of Austria's reforms?

Freedom of press and freedom of religion. Signup and view all the answers

Huguenots were French ______.

protestants. Signup and view all the answers

What dynasty did Henry begin in France?

Bourbon. Signup and view all the answers

How old was Louis XIV when he took power?

<ol start="23"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What was another name for Louis XIV?

The Sun King. Signup and view all the answers

Who was John Baptiste Colbert?

Minister of Finance. Signup and view all the answers

Two ways Colbert made France more self-sufficient:

Expanded manufacturing and encouraged colonies. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Louis XIV's minister when he first became king?

Cardinal Mazarin. Signup and view all the answers

What was Cardinal Mazarin's greatest success?

Ended the 30 years war. Signup and view all the answers

Two reasons the people hated Mazarin:

He increased taxes and strengthened the central government. Signup and view all the answers

What happened at the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?

The French people started killing the Huguenots. Signup and view all the answers

Henry of Navarre converted to __________.

Catholicism. Signup and view all the answers

Henry of Navarre passed the Edict of Nantes which granted Huguenots ____________.

religious freedom. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Scientific Revolution

Initiated major changes in European thought from the mid-1500s, emphasizing careful observation and questioning of established beliefs.
Key figures include Nicolaus Copernicus, who proposed the heliocentric theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun, challenging geocentric models endorsed by the Church.
Galileo Galilei supported Copernicus with observational evidence, leading to the development of the modern experimental method but faced imprisonment for his views.

Key Theorists and Concepts

Johannes Kepler demonstrated that planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths, supporting heliocentric theory.
Isaac Newton developed the concepts of gravity and motion, laying the foundation for classical physics.
Francis Bacon advocated for empirical research and scientific methods; René Descartes introduced analytical geometry and logic.

Enlightenment Ideas

An 18th century movement where thinkers applied reason and scientific methods to all societal aspects.
John Locke introduced concepts of the social contract, emphasizing natural rights—life, liberty, and property, asserting that government's purpose is to protect these rights.
Jean Jacques Rousseau argued that legitimate government derives from the consent of the governed and believed in equality among people.

Political Philosophy

The social contract theory posits people exchange some freedoms for order under a strong ruler, which Hobbes advocated for with absolute monarchy.
Montesquieu's theory on separation of powers divided government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
Voltaire used satire to critique French society and was notably exiled for his views.

Influential Movements and Changes

Enlightenment promoted reason as a solution for social problems, leading to questioning established religious beliefs.
Paris salons, often hosted by women, served as venues for discussing enlightenment ideas.
The neoclassical style in art and architecture drew inspiration from ancient Greece and Rome, popular among the middle class.

Mary Wollstonecraft was an advocate for women's rights, pushing forward gender equality discussions.
The term "novel" defines works of prose fiction that became increasingly popular during this period.

Governance and Reforms

Frederick the Great of Prussia implemented religious freedom, reduced censorship, and enhanced education.
Joseph II of Austria reformed by allowing freedom of the press, abolishing serfdom, and mandating fair wages.

Historical Events and Figures

The Huguenots were French Protestants, facing persecution leading to events like the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
Henry IV initiated the Bourbon dynasty in France and granted Huguenots religious freedom through the Edict of Nantes.
Louis XIV, known as the Sun King, assumed power at age 23, with finance minister John Baptiste Colbert promoting self-sufficiency in France.

Key Players in Governance

Cardinal Mazarin, Louis XIV's main adviser, notably ended the Thirty Years' War but faced public resentment due to increased taxes and central government authority.

Summary

Enlightenment thinkers greatly influenced response to governance, human rights, and societal structures, laying groundwork for modern political thought and democracy.
The Scientific Revolution's emphasis on observation and experimentation transformed the approach to understanding the natural world.

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Explore key concepts from Chapter 22 of World History through these flashcards. Learn about significant terms such as the Scientific Revolution and Heliocentric theory that shaped modern science. This quiz is perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of historical scientific developments.