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Questions and Answers
The term World Englishes refers to one specific variety of English used in the United States.
The term World Englishes refers to one specific variety of English used in the United States.
False
Braj Kachru introduced the term 'World Englishes' at a TESOL Conference in 1984.
Braj Kachru introduced the term 'World Englishes' at a TESOL Conference in 1984.
True
Kroeber and Kluckhohn identified over 200 definitions of culture in 1952.
Kroeber and Kluckhohn identified over 200 definitions of culture in 1952.
False
Culture supports language proficiency according to Kramsch.
Culture supports language proficiency according to Kramsch.
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Samovar and Porter describe culture as a static concept that does not change over time.
Samovar and Porter describe culture as a static concept that does not change over time.
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Intercultural Communicative Competence includes components of linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, and cultural competence.
Intercultural Communicative Competence includes components of linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, and cultural competence.
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Bennett's Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity includes stages known as ethnocentric: denial, defense, and adaptation.
Bennett's Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity includes stages known as ethnocentric: denial, defense, and adaptation.
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Ruben's framework of intercultural competence emphasizes the importance of interaction management.
Ruben's framework of intercultural competence emphasizes the importance of interaction management.
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According to Byram, Intercultural Communicative Competence focuses solely on linguistic abilities.
According to Byram, Intercultural Communicative Competence focuses solely on linguistic abilities.
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The ability to treat others descriptively and non-judgmentally is part of Ruben’s interaction posture dimension.
The ability to treat others descriptively and non-judgmentally is part of Ruben’s interaction posture dimension.
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Study Notes
Culture and ICC in Foreign Language Education
- The term "World Englishes" describes the diverse varieties of English globally.
- English changes and adapts to fulfill the needs of different communities worldwide.
- Braj Kachru introduced the concept of World Englishes in 1965.
- His work explored the theoretical groundwork for nativized English varieties in India, focusing on unique sociological and cultural aspects.
- Kachru formally introduced "World Englishes" in 1984 at the TESOL conference.
- He proposed the three concentric circles model representing the development of English globally.
Kachru's Three Concentric Circle Model (1984)
- Inner Circle: Countries where English is the native language (e.g., USA, UK).
- Outer Circle: Countries where English is a second language (e.g., India, Nigeria).
- Expanding Circle: Countries where English is used for international communication (e.g., China, Russia, Brazil).
Defining "Culture"
- Culture is the core of language teaching, vital for language proficiency.
- There are numerous (at least 164) definitions of culture, spanning various disciplines.
- A more recent understanding of culture is the deposit of knowledge, experiences, beliefs, values, and social organization
- Culture encompasses religions, notions of time, social hierarchies, and more.
Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC)
- ICC is a complex concept, encompassing linguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse and intercultural competence (across cultural boundaries)
- Byram (1997) defines ICC as the capacity for communication and interaction across cultural boundaries.
- Later definitions from researchers (2002) state it is the capacity for people of diverse social identities to interact and to foster shared understanding.
- ICC involves effectively behaving and communicating in intercultural contexts.
Chronological Evolution of ICC
- Historical development of understanding ICC components
- Linguistic, sociolinguistic, grammatical, and communication skills.
- The concept of ICC includes several layers.
Models of Intercultural Competence Development
- Ruben (1976): A behavioural approach focusing on observable elements like respect, posture, empathy, tolerance for ambiguity.
- Bennett (1993): Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) with stages from ethnocentric (denial, defense, minimization) to ethnorelative (acceptance, adaptation, integration).
- Deardorff (2006): A process model consisting of attitude, knowledge, skills, internal outcomes and external outcomes to guide a curriculum.
Byram's (1997) ICC Model
- Byram specifically designed his model for foreign language education.
- It comprises various dimensions, sub-competencies, and focuses on educational objectives.
- It's intended for use in secondary and higher education curricula.
Cultivating ICC
- Fostering wonder towards culture through diverse experiences.
- Developing self-awareness and cognitive style.
- Cultivating essential skills such as empathy, cultural knowledge acquisition, communication skills, conflict resolution, and anxiety management.
Discussion Questions
- What aspects make intercultural communication unique?
- What is the role of culture concerning communication and language teaching?
- How can ICC be fostered and achieved?
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of 'World Englishes' as introduced by Braj Kachru, including his three concentric circles model of English. It also delves into the significance of culture in foreign language education and how English adapts to various communities. Test your knowledge on the global diversity of English and its sociocultural implications.
