World Englishes and Culture in Education

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Questions and Answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

World Englishes = Different varieties of English existing worldwide Nativization = The process of adapting English to local languages and cultures Culture = The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, and values shared by a group Three concentric circles model = A framework explaining the global spread of English

Match the following individuals with their contributions:

Braj Kachru = Introduced the term ‘World Englishes’ Kramsch = Stated that culture is the core of language teaching Kroeber and Kluckhohn = Cited at least 164 definitions of culture Samovar and Porter = Provided a recent understanding of culture

Match the following years with their significant events:

1965 = Kachru publishes ‘The Indianness in Indian English’ 1984 = Kachru introduces the term 'World Englishes' at TESOL Conference 1952 = Kroeber and Kluckhohn record 164 definitions of culture 2000 = Kramsch emphasizes culture in language teaching

Match the following scholars with their contribution to Intercultural Communicative Competence:

Byram = Definition of ICC as the ability to communicate and interact across cultural boundaries Ruben = IC framework of a behavioral approach Bennett = Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity Deardorff = Process Model of Intercultural Competence Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of culture with their descriptions:

Social hierarchies = The ranking of individuals or groups within a society Religion = A system of beliefs often influencing culture Concepts of the universe = Beliefs about the nature of existence and the cosmos Material possessions = Physical items that reflect societal values and norms Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of Intercultural Communicative Competence with their descriptions:

Linguistic competence = Ability to use language effectively in various contexts Sociolinguistic competence = Understanding cultural nuances in communication Discourse competence = Ability to structure spoken and written texts Intercultural competence = Ability to interact with people from different cultures Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with their relevance to language teaching:

Teaching culture = Supports language proficiency Traditional approaches = Focused primarily on grammar and vocabulary Cultural context = Helps learners understand language use in real-life situations Incorporating local varieties = Enhances learner engagement with the language Signup and view all the answers

Match the following behavioral dimensions by Ruben with their appropriate descriptions:

Display of respect = Ability to show respect through non-verbal cues Interaction posture = Ability to treat others descriptively and non-judgmentally Orientation to knowledge = Ability to acknowledge different worldviews Empathy = Ability to understand and share the feelings of others Signup and view all the answers

Match the following outcomes of Deardorff's model with their definitions:

Internal outcomes = Changes in self and cultural awareness External outcomes = Success in intercultural interactions Knowledge = Understanding the backgrounds of diverse individuals Skills = Practical application of ICC in real scenarios Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of Bennett's Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity with their descriptions:

Acceptance = Recognizing and appreciating cultural differences Adaptation = Changing behavior to communicate more effectively Integration = Bringing together multiple cultural identities Denial = Inability to perceive cultural differences Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Culture and ICC in Foreign Language Education

The term World Englishes describes the diverse varieties of English globally.
English evolves as it spreads, adapting to the needs of its users.
Braj Kachru (1932-2016), a linguist, pioneered the study of World Englishes.
He wrote "The Indianness in Indian English" which explored English's adaptation in India.
In 1984, Kachru formally introduced the term "World Englishes" to the TESOL Conference.

Kachru's Three Concentric Circles Model

Introduced in 1984.
Depicts the spread of English, representing different levels of English as a lingua franca.
Inner circle: areas where English is the primary language (e.g., USA, UK)
Outer circle: areas where English is widely spoken and used in education and business (e.g., India, Nigeria)
Expanding circle: areas where English is learned as a foreign language (e.g., China, Russia, Brazil)

What is "Culture"?

Culture is considered the core of language teaching, supporting language proficiency.
Culture has been defined in various ways, with the definition of Samovar and Porter (2003) emphasizing the accumulated knowledge, experience, and beliefs etc.
Kroeber and Kluckhohn's 1952 research explored various definitions of culture.
Including the meaning of culture for language education

Chronological Evolution of Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC)

The concept of ICC has evolved through various stages.
Early models focused on linguistic and sociolinguistic competence.
Later models expanded to include intercultural and discourse competences.

Intercultural Communicative Competence as an evolving theory

Bennet (1993), Gudykunst (1993) Byram (1997), Deardorff (2006), and others contributed to its definition.
Intercultural Communicative Competency is associated with the ability to communicate and interact across cultures.
Byram (1997) proposed that ICC is more than just linguistic competency, emphasizing the ability to communicate across cultural boundaries and a fundamental understanding of cultural identity.
Deardorff (2006) identified attitudes, knowledge, skills, internal outcomes, and external outcomes as essential elements of ICC.

Models for Intercultural Communicative Competence Development

Ruben's (1976) framework focuses on behavioral dimensions of ICC, such as display of respect, interaction posture, etc.
Bennett's (1993) Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) outlines stages of intercultural awareness from ethnocentric to ethnorelative perspectives.
Deardorff's (2006) Process Model of Intercultural Competence identifies attitudes, knowledge, skills, internal outcomes (adaptability, empathy), and external outcomes (appropriate behaviour) as key elements.

Ways to cultivate ICC

Cultivating curiosity and wonder concerning culture
Discovering knowledge about one's cognitive style and others'
Developing skills including empathy, information gathering, conflict resolution and managing anxiety,

Discussion Questions

What makes intercultural communication special?
What is the role of culture in communication and language teaching?
How can ICC be built and achieved?

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Description

Explore the diverse varieties of English through the lens of Braj Kachru's concentric circles model. This quiz delves into the relationship between English language usage and cultural contexts, highlighting the evolution of English across different regions. Test your knowledge on the impact of culture in foreign language education.