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Questions and Answers
The term World Englishes describes all the different varieties of English that exist worldwide, as it changes and develops to fulfill the needs of the people who use it in ______.
The term World Englishes describes all the different varieties of English that exist worldwide, as it changes and develops to fulfill the needs of the people who use it in ______.
different ways
Braj Kachru published his first journal article entitled 'The Indianness in Indian English' in ______.
Braj Kachru published his first journal article entitled 'The Indianness in Indian English' in ______.
1965
Kachru formally introduced the term 'World Englishes' at the Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) Conference in ______.
Kachru formally introduced the term 'World Englishes' at the Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) Conference in ______.
1984
Culture has been defined as 'the very core of language teaching' that supports language ______.
Culture has been defined as 'the very core of language teaching' that supports language ______.
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According to Samovar and Porter, culture includes knowledge, beliefs, values, attitudes, and other aspects acquired by a group over ______.
According to Samovar and Porter, culture includes knowledge, beliefs, values, attitudes, and other aspects acquired by a group over ______.
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Byram defines Intercultural Communicative Competence as 'the ability to communicate and interact across ______ boundaries.'
Byram defines Intercultural Communicative Competence as 'the ability to communicate and interact across ______ boundaries.'
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Byram extended his definition of Intercultural Communicative Competence to include the ability to ensure a shared ______ by people of different social identities.
Byram extended his definition of Intercultural Communicative Competence to include the ability to ensure a shared ______ by people of different social identities.
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Ruben introduced seven dimensions to understand and measure an individual's intercultural competence through ______ dimensions.
Ruben introduced seven dimensions to understand and measure an individual's intercultural competence through ______ dimensions.
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One of the competencies defined in Deardorff's model is attitudes, knowledge, and ______.
One of the competencies defined in Deardorff's model is attitudes, knowledge, and ______.
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Bennett’s Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity includes stages that are ______: acceptance, adaptation, integration.
Bennett’s Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity includes stages that are ______: acceptance, adaptation, integration.
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Study Notes
Culture and ICC in Foreign Language Education
- The term World Englishes describes the diverse varieties of English globally, adapting to local needs and evolving as it spreads.
The Origin of World Englishes
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Braj Kachru, a linguist (1932-2016), first explored the theory of World Englishes in 1965. His early work focused on the nativization of English in India, highlighting the unique sociological and cultural aspects of Indian English.
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In 1984, Kachru introduced the term "World Englishes" at a TESOL conference, outlining the global profile of English and proposing the three concentric circles model.
Kachru's Three Concentric Circle Model (1984)
- The model illustrates the spread of English globally.
- Inner circle: (eg USA, UK)
- Outer circle: (eg India, Nigeria)
- Expanding circle: (eg China, Russia, Brazil)
What is "Culture"?
- Culture is the fundamental component of language teaching, supporting language proficiency.
- A more recent definition of culture, from Samovar and Porter (2003), describes it as the accumulated knowledge, experiences, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, social hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relationships, concepts of the universe, and material possessions acquired through generations.
Chronological Evolution of Intercultural Communicative Competence
- This concept has evolved with scholars like Chomsky (1957, 1965) to more recent models. The timeline shows growing understanding of communication incorporating linguistic and sociolinguistic components.
Intercultural Communicative Competence
- Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC) is a broad term encompassing linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, and intercultural competence.
- Byram (1997) defines ICC as the ability to communicate and interact across cultural boundaries.
- Byram (2002) expanded the definition to encompass the ability to ensure mutual understanding by people with diverse social identities.
- ICC is a complex concept, and its development depends on intercultural sensitivity, including attitudes, knowledge, skills, and internal/external outcomes.
Comparative Analysis of Models for Intercultural Communicative Competence Development
- Ruben (1976): A behavioral approach focusing on elements like respect, interaction posture, orientation to knowledge, empathy, self-oriented role behavior, interaction management, and tolerance for ambiguity.
- Bennett (1993): The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS), focusing on ethnorelative stages of acceptance, adaptation, and integration.
- Deardorff (2006): A process-based model identifying attitudes, knowledge, skills and outcomes.
Ruben (1976) - Behavioral Dimensions
- Components of this model include: Display of respect, Interaction posture, Orientation to knowledge, Empathy, and Tolerance for ambiguity.
Bennett's (1993) - Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
- The first three stages (denial, defense, minimization) are ethnocentric.
Darla Deardorff's Intercultural Competence Model (2006)
- This model includes five elements: attitudes (respect, openness, curiosity), knowledge (cultural self-awareness, culture-specific knowledge, understanding diverse perspectives), skills (observing, listening, analyzing), internal outcomes (flexibility, adaptability, empathy) and external outcomes (appropriate behavior and communication).
Byram's (1997) ICC Model
- Byram's model was designed specifically for the foreign language classroom context. It encompasses attitudes, knowledge, skills of interpretation and relating, skills of discovery and interaction, and critical cultural awareness.
Three Ways to Cultivate ICC (Bennett, 2009)
- Foster motivation through wonder about culture.
- Discover knowledge about different cognitive styles.
- Develop skills for empathy, cultural information gathering, conflict resolution, and anxiety management.
Discussion Questions
- What aspects make intercultural communication distinctive?
- What is the significance of culture in language learning and communication?
- What are the strategies for developing and achieving intercultural communicative competence?
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Description
Explore the concept of World Englishes and its significance in foreign language education through the theory introduced by Braj Kachru. This quiz covers Kachru's three concentric circle model and the essential role of culture in language teaching. Test your understanding of these foundational ideas in linguistics.
