Women in Politics: Sub-Saharan Africa & Kenya

<p>Women’s perceptions and experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barriers, opportunities, and variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collective feminist organizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has vibrant feminist movements and gender equality conferences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differences in experiences due to intersecting inequalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>29</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Religious affiliation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are largely organized based on ethnic affiliation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intersectional inequalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>31%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political anthropology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is highlighted as crucial due to widening wealth gaps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sylvia Tamale</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are distinct political opportunities influenced by intersecting identities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of women MPs increased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An interaction of sexism with ethnic nationalism and class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrimination based on wealth and ethnicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps in imagining alternatives to corruption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Child marriage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They disrupt traditional political norms and expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intersectional inclusion and equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Money and tribe/ethnicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endorsement by men-only councils of elders</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older Kenyans expect youth to obey traditional ethnic leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimum education level for candidates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of financial resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accusations of personal relationships with party leaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Requirements for extensive campaign materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decentralization of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Financial constraints significantly impact women's candidacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are expected to provide welfare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unemployed youth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older candidates have more financial resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tokens and gifts for voters</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disadvantages for young women, particularly non-elites</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two-thirds gender principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Fourth United Nations World Conference on Women</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It opened up new opportunities for women's rights advocates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three women governors and three women senators were elected</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No women were elected as senators</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrepancy between elected and nominated women MPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>22%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural ideas regarding women's leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It created pressure for women’s political inclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Fourth UN World Conference on Women in Beijing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kenyan women</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Significant underrepresentation in leadership roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Introduction of gender quotas into national politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First-past-the-post</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have successfully introduced laws addressing gender-based violence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The electoral system employed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may legitimize authoritarian regime policies against poor women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encouraging social policies and gender policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corruption within political systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mexico</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are often part of the elite political class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stronger push toward gender equality in legislation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rejecting feminist ideals as western constructs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adopting a significant amount of gender quotas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its importance may be evident in surprising ways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple axes of difference, including ethnicity and class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A system where clients receive resources from wealthy patrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kikuyu</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can help women win primaries but may also pressure them to withdraw.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>KANU sought to attract women's votes without enhancing their inclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women often join parties that reflect their ethnic identities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Post-independence from 1960 to 1990.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a strong tendency to vote based on ethnic groups for resource access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neopatrimonialism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maendeleo ya Wanawake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They create barriers to women’s entry into politics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is considered divisive and non-modern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Power shifted significantly among various ethnic groups over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often favor wealthy male candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>11%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Politically active youth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women being sabotaged in the nomination process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>29</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A very mucky and very, very bad process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of inheritance rights for women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They complicate the nomination processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Running nominations as frequent coalitions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By issuing fake nomination certificates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two-thirds gender rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The high financial expenditure required by nominations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political party's agenda.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They joined forces to fight for their candidate's certificate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher likelihood of school dropout</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pokot girls at 64%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sexual violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women are viewed negatively for entering politics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Female genital cutting (FGC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2007–2008 post-electoral massacre</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gendered and sexual violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early marriage is more prevalent in impoverished communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sexual propositions from male politicians</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Engaging in immoral behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They leverage privilege for political gain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuanced by various intersecting inequalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A context-based examination of intersecting inequalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychological abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural beliefs regarding gender roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By portraying themselves as nurturing figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conflicting expectations of women to act both feminine and assertive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphasizing her capabilities and achievements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Being perceived as outsiders due to ethnic ties</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The belief that women belong in the home</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assumptions about her responsibilities at home</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accusations of being unfit for office if unmarried</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natives face unique campaigning challenges compared to non-natives</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shapes access to social connections and networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women are expected to conform strictly to domestic roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Communities became more accepting of female leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That she could perform equal to any male candidate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can strengthen a woman's appeal as a candidate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The interaction between ethnicity and marital status</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gender quotas are significant as they establish legal requirements for women's representation, helping to increase their presence in political decision-making roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intersectional approach highlights how various identities, such as ethnicity and class, shape women’s experiences and challenges in the political arena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feminist movements in Kenya advocate for gender equality and women's rights, influencing policies and promoting women's inclusion in political processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Current research often overlooks the diverse experiences and perspectives of politically active women regarding the challenges they face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding these challenges enables the formulation of targeted interventions and policies to enhance women's political participation and support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The post-electoral violence prompted a renewed emphasis and urgency on advocating for women's rights, as it highlighted the vulnerabilities women face in political contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women politicians face challenges such as financial constraints, societal expectations, and gender stereotypes that hinder their electoral campaigns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women's political mobilization strengthens democracy by advocating for inclusive policies and challenging systemic inequalities in political representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political parties are largely organized based on ethnic affiliation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23 percent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights the complexity of inequalities faced by women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vertical and horizontal inequalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No change; the number of women senators remained the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It showcased barriers to political inclusion and proposed new political possibilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnicity and class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through institutional and structural barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of women members of parliament increased from 23 to 29.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They intersect to create unique challenges for women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women parliamentarians tend to promote gender equality through stronger legislative pushes on related issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rising costs of electoral campaigns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Violent conflicts often lead to more constitutional reforms that benefit women's rights in political representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socio-cultural norms lead to discriminatory practices that hinder women's participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kenya uses a first-past-the-post electoral system, which tends to limit the number of women elected due to single-member district dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High numbers of women parliamentarians do not always translate to effective redistributive politics benefiting marginalized women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feminist solidarities are needed to enhance political agendas and representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural norms, socio-economic status, and political context are significant factors affecting women's access to political positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diversity of women's identities and experiences in electoral politics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corruption negatively affects women's political inclusion by creating barriers that limit their access and opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 2010 constitution established principles aimed at enhancing women's rights in political representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women's collective mobilization efforts can lead to greater political awareness and the implementation of affirmative actions such as gender quotas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The electoral system directly affects the likelihood of women being elected, as differing systems can favor or hinder women's nominations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Donor-driven sessions aim to enhance the skills and capabilities of women and youth politicians, promoting more inclusive political engagement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intersectionality creates complex layers of challenges that affect women's political participation based on their diverse identities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 2017 Kenyan elections showed both advancements and persistent challenges in women's political representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pink-washing refers to leveraging women's representation for political gain while suppressing feminist movements, which can happen despite high numbers of women in parliaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intersectional inequalities make campaigning more challenging for women, as they face multiple layers of discrimination and barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women are considered the best experts at identifying barriers to their political inclusion because they are directly experienced with the challenges and can articulate the intersecting issues that affect their participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women's active engagement helps in imagining alternatives to systemic issues like corruption and patronage, facilitating a vision for a more inclusive political environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socioeconomic factors such as poverty reduction and issues like child marriage significantly impact women's political inclusion by addressing foundational inequalities that hinder their active involvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women express expectations for a desirable future that encompasses intersectional inclusion and equality within the political system and electoral processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intersectional inclusion is crucial as it allows women to address their varied identities and experiences that shape their political challenges and aspirations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An intersectional approach focuses on the diverse experiences of women by considering multiple axes of difference, such as ethnicity, class, and age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political patronage and clientelism create networks dominated by men, making it difficult for women to access resources needed for political participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>KANU used MYWO to attract women's votes while hesitating to enhance women's own political inclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnicity drives voters to prefer candidates from their own ethnic groups, leading to a lack of support for women and minority candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women may be pressured by traditional leaders to withdraw from unsuitable political races due to gender norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women actively sought political agency and social transformation despite facing multilayered patriarchies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During Moi's presidency, the Kalenjin had access to resources, which continued with Kikuyu leaders, favoring specific ethnic groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intersectionality creates unique challenges and barriers, affecting the opportunities women have in their political careers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interethnic political parties have diverse voter support, whereas parties with ethnic cohesion have a highly concentrated voter base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The violence catalyzed increased demands for women's political inclusion and rights in the aftermath.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women’s movements frequently face co-optation by prevailing power structures, limiting their autonomy and objectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive endorsements from community elders can significantly help women candidates win party primaries and elections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women’s experiences highlight how intersecting inequalities shape their access to political participation and institutional resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Younger individuals often perceive older Kenyans as politically aligned with ethnic affiliations, reinforcing generational divides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women politicians are often seen as opposing political 'tribalism', yet their political careers are still affected by ethnic affiliations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It mandates that political parties must ensure that at least two-thirds of their candidates are of one gender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnic loyalties often lead to male candidates being preferred, sidelining women for nominations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only 11 percent of the total candidates were women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High nomination fees hinder women's participation as they often lack the financial resources to compete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parties often prioritize connections and financial resources over gender, leading to the marginalization of women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women rarely inherit property, limiting their financial means to campaign for political office.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electoral violence often intimidates women candidates, making it difficult for them to compete effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women reported manipulation and intimidation during nominations, reflecting systemic bias against them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voters tend to perceive wealthy candidates as more trustworthy and capable, favoring them over poorer candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low rates of women's nominations directly contribute to their underrepresentation in political offices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women formed strong coalitions to advocate for their nominations and resist intimidation from party officials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political parties frequently change coalitions based on ethnic affiliations and resource availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It illustrates the broader societal inequality and economic empowerment disparities faced by women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They recommended implementing gender principles within party structures to enhance women's chances of nomination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'two-thirds gender principle' was introduced, prohibiting any one gender from holding more than two-thirds of the positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The democratization process of the 1990s created a pressure for women's political inclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The percentage of women in Kenya's National Assembly after the 2013 elections was 21 percent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The post-electoral violence of 2008 opened up new opportunity structures for women's rights advocates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The percentage of women in parliament rose from 8 percent in 2002 to around 9 percent in 2007.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kenyan women were active in civil society organizations, church associations, and community-based organizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women held 22 percent of ministerial positions, which was above the regional average, despite low parliamentary representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No woman was elected as a senator in the 2013 elections, but 16 women were appointed through the quota system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The quota system has created new kinds of inequalities between elected and nominated women MPs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By 2017, women held 22 percent of seats in the National Assembly and saw the election of three women governors and three women senators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The persistent power of political parties and cultural ideas about women's leadership continue to hinder inclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The political violence during the 1990s and 2007 elections stemmed from ethnic conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women candidates often face financial challenges, as campaigning is considered expensive in Kenya.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>22 percent of ministerial positions were held by women after the 2017 elections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Money and ethnic mobilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is required for securing support from their respective ethnic communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are often accused of inappropriate relationships with party leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lack of resources to finance their campaigns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Candidates are expected to provide food, gifts, and community development projects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They perceive older individuals as tribal and resistant to youth collaboration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A minimum education level requirement for aspiring candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They made it difficult for young women to compete effectively for votes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It simultaneously disadvantages them, particularly those from non-elite backgrounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It considerably impedes women's political inclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She indicated that financial limitations often dissuade women from running.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unemployed youth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They strengthen the resources of older politicians, making it harder for younger candidates to succeed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She expressed desperation when her funds ran out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The decentralization of administration heightened competition and campaign expenses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marital status can serve as a resource for some politically active women, while early and child marriage often excludes others from political opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early and child marriage leads to school dropouts, significantly limiting girls' political opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women often experience sexual violence, verbal harassment, shaming, threats, and physical violence during elections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnic rivalry, fueled by hate speech and political intimidation, often escalates into violence during elections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alicia faced extensive violence and harassment, including physical attacks and psychological pressure to conform to community norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FGC is often viewed as a requirement for 'proper' womanhood, affecting women's eligibility for political leadership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early marriage is more prevalent in poorer households and impoverished communities, impacting educational outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Single or divorced women often encounter prejudice and harassment that married women may not face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women in politics are often perceived negatively, viewed as lacking moral standing or being involved in sexual transactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The near-universal FGC prevalence reflects deep-rooted cultural norms that dictate women's identities and roles in society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The violence heightened awareness and advocacy for women's political rights but exposed the risks of participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sexism often undermines women's representation, making it difficult for them to gain recognition and support in political roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women face immense social pressure to conform to traditional roles, which can limit their political ambitions and effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This intersectionality reveals the multifaceted challenges that women face, which can vary significantly across different groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ignoring these challenges could perpetuate systemic inequalities and hinder progress towards gender equity in political representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traditional views often label women as primarily homemakers, which can hinder their acceptance as political leaders and negatively affect their campaign success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women politicians can highlight their roles as nurturing and caring mothers to gain community trust and portray themselves positively in the political sphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnic identity can serve as either a barrier or an advantage, as candidates may be viewed as outsiders if they marry into a different tribe or political party.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women are often criticized for not conforming to traditional gender roles while simultaneously facing backlash if they do embody these roles, creating a no-win situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She focused on demonstrating her capabilities and strengths as an educated and experienced professional to gain the electorate's trust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political affiliation must align with the dominant party in the community to gain trust and support from voters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women without a traditional family structure faced skepticism about their ability to lead, impacting their credibility with voters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative campaigning contributed to an environment of intimidation, where non-native residents were threatened to vote for native candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural beliefs limit women's roles to domestic spheres, leading to diminished encouragement for them to engage in politics or leadership roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They emphasize their accomplishments, capabilities, and the responsibilities they can take on as leaders to challenge outdated perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal interactions allowed her to build trust, show her commitment, and communicate her achievements directly to the electorate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It symbolizes the idea that political parties are simply vehicles for delivering services and should not overshadow individual candidate capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Young women faced compounded challenges from cultural norms, economic limitations, and age bias, which hindered their political advancement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Such beliefs promoted a narrative that demeaned women's political ambitions, leading to perceptions that they would not perform well in leadership roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They leveraged societal expectations of femininity—often associating leadership with nurturing qualities—to connect with voters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 2010 Kenyan constitution introduced two-thirds gender quotas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It creates diverse challenges that affect their access to political opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are known for being vibrant and actively pushing for gender equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has facilitated the inclusion of women in political decision-making processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They encounter barriers related to socio-cultural norms and economic factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides insights into their unique challenges and experiences in politics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of women elected to various political roles saw a slight increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their experiences vary significantly due to differences in ethnicity, class, and age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It resulted in the active introduction of gender quotas into national politics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A higher number of women in elected positions is expected to push for stronger legislative gender equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kenya uses a first-past-the-post electoral system, which hinders women's representation due to single-member districts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have focused on issues like gender-based violence, inheritance rights, and children's rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She noted that a high number of women parliamentarians does not ensure redistributive politics for poor women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It heightened demands for women's political inclusion as a response to ongoing challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corruption and the nature of electoral systems are significant barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural context shapes how long and effectively women can access legislative arenas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 20% of the ministers were women post-2013 elections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There was a noticeable decline in the number of women elected compared to previous elections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some countries view feminism as 'Western' or 'colonial,' opposing broader feminist movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have been crucial for enhancing women's political representation in several African nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They experience combined inequalities based on gender, class, and age in the political arena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of women governors increased from three in 2017 to seven in 2022.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voters often see wealthy candidates as more capable or trustworthy, impacting election outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnicity is significant as political parties often organize based on ethnic affiliations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women currently comprise 31 percent of the Kenyan senate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intersectionality reveals that women's political experiences are influenced by their gender, ethnicity, class, and other identities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vertical inequalities refer to individual or household-based disparities, while horizontal inequalities involve group-based discrimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women politicians face challenges like high campaign costs and societal expectations related to wealth and gender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intersecting identities create distinct barriers and opportunities, as women's experiences in politics vary based on their gender, ethnicity, and class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is termed 'messy' because it acknowledges the complex, intertwined nature of various factors affecting women's political experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The article illustrates that Kenyan women actively seek political inclusion while contending with intersecting forms of discrimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women currently comprise 23 percent of parliamentarians in Kenya.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Post-electoral violence in 2008 heightened women's rights advocacy and demands for political inclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wealthy candidates are often perceived more favorably by voters, which can marginalize less affluent contenders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The article identifies gender, ethnicity, and class as main themes affecting women's political challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Class relations are crucial as they expose disparities in income and access to resources, affecting political inclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measures such as poverty reduction and combating socio-cultural issues like child marriage and FGC can facilitate women's political inclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women are able to articulate the intersecting challenges they face, which helps to illuminate systemic issues like corruption and patronage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By discussing the challenges to their political participation, women engage in envisioning and proposing alternatives to oppressive political practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women's collective political agency fosters intersectional inclusion and equality within political systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women are the best experts at identifying the barriers they face, which helps to tailor specific measures for enhanced political inclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The democratization process globally created the pressure for women’s political inclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It became a prime example of the prominence of rights discourses in international development agendas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women in parliament increased only to 8 percent after the 2002 election.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It examines the diverse experiences of women in electoral politics by considering multiple axes of difference such as ethnicity, class, age, and marital status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only 5.5 percent of the National Assembly members elected were women in 2013.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political patronage often creates barriers for women, as these networks are predominantly male-led and women lack resources to access them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The constitution established a 'two-thirds gender principle' to prevent one gender from exceeding two-thirds of the positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MYWO was used by the Kenya African National Union (KANU) to attract women's votes but did not significantly enhance women's political inclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inadvertently opened up new opportunity structures for women’s rights advocates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnic groups such as the Kikuyu and Kalenjin have historically benefited more in terms of jobs and resources, creating inequalities among different ethnicities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the 2017 election, women made up 22 percent of the National Assembly and had notable ministerial representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 2010 Kenyan constitution established principles aimed at enhancing women's rights in political representation, including specific quotas for women in leadership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most women have held women-only rather than competitive seats, limiting their political engagement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Younger Kenyans often view older individuals as adhering to tribalism and ethnic biases in their voting decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The quota system has created new inequalities, hindering solidarity between elected and nominated women MPs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure from traditional leaders often forces women to withdraw from political races as such roles are deemed unsuitable for them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The power of political parties and entrenched cultural ideas about women's leadership have not significantly changed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many Kenyan political parties have highly ethnic voter support, leading to political strategies that favor candidates from specific ethnic groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neopatrimonialism implies that personalized relationships and resource distribution shape political dynamics in Kenya, often disadvantaging women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Although the percentage of women in Parliament was low, the percentage of women ministers was above the regional average.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women often join political parties aligned with their ethnic affiliations, which can both aid and hinder their political careers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women actively participated in struggles for multi-party democracy, human rights, and constitutional reform.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women often need positive endorsements from powerful clan members, and ethnic biases may pressure them to conform to patriarchal expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women had a larger presence in ministerial roles compared to their representation in the National Assembly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The violence heightened demands for women's political inclusion and brought attention to the importance of women's roles in peacebuilding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perceptions of women's leadership and the persistence of gendered violence in elections remain significant challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors include the need for candidates to provide resources and financial incentives to voters, as well as high expenses related to campaign logistics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women actively seek to achieve political agency and social transformation by challenging patriarchal norms and asserting their rights within the political system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are suggestions that gender quotas have impeded solidarity among women MPs, leading to divisions based on ethnic or party lines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Party nominations often favor male candidates, resulting in a low number of women being nominated or elected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political party funding allows male candidates with more resources to dominate nominations, disadvantaging women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only 11 percent of the total number of candidates were women in the 2022 elections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It illustrates the challenges and intimidation women face in securing their positions during party nominations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A significant challenge is the high costs of nominations, which many women cannot afford.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She suggested that parties need to truly adhere to gender principles to meet the two-thirds gender mandate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The party primary process is crucial as it determines candidate selection and directly impacts women's representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnic loyalties and economic disparities significantly exacerbate the challenges for women seeking political positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Party officials often prioritize male candidates and engage in practices that undermine women's chances during nominations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political agency refers to women actively seeking to influence and participate in political processes and decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women often form strong alliances and support networks to resist intimidation and promote their candidacies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electing women in leadership roles can challenge traditional power structures and promote gender equality in governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intersection of gender and class limits women's access to resources, thereby hindering their political ambitions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The article suggests that political parties often operate as shifting coalitions prioritizing ethnic and resource-based loyalties over gender equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interviewees suggest necessary changes include implementing fair nomination practices and economic support for women candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Money and mobilization along ethnic lines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older Kenyans expect young people to obey traditional ethnic leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women often lack the economic resources needed to run effective campaigns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are often accused of having relationships with party leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voters rely on wealthy candidates to provide for their welfare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older male candidates can buy votes and leverage extensive resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older politicians have stronger ethnic networks that young women lack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to the unequal financial resources between young candidates and older, established politicians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Candidates are expected to provide food, drink, and gifts to potential voters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It exposes intersections of gender, class, and age that disadvantage them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decentralization led to increased competition, raising campaign costs for all candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tribal identity creates loyalty that often overshadows political ideologies or qualifications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Men generally have more access to financial resources for campaigning than women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often face skepticism about their qualifications due to gender biases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnic biases often favor affluent men from historically dominant groups, limiting women's access to political power and resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many cultures view women primarily as caregivers, believing they are unsuitable for leadership roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They used societal expectations of motherhood to present themselves as nurturing and capable leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It describes the conflicting expectations where women are penalized for either conforming to or defying traditional gender roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are often perceived as outsiders or 'foreigners' by their original community, which can hinder their political candidacies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Her unmarried status led community members to question her ability to lead and raise a family, impacting her trustworthiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She focused on demonstrating women's capabilities and drawing upon her professional achievements to build trust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women often need to align with culturally accepted political parties or coalitions to gain support within their communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They faced threats and coercion to vote for native candidates reflecting strong ethnic loyalties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They engaged in personal outreach, building relationships with elders and community leaders to showcase their capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires women to navigate local expectations and party affiliations to be perceived as credible candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Campaign costs are high, and women often lack access to the financial resources necessary to compete effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It heightened awareness and urgency for women’s rights advocacy within the political landscape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There was an increased awareness and support for women's representation in parliament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marital status can provide advantages or disadvantages in political participation, with some married women using it as a resource while unmarried women often face educational obstacles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Pokot, Rendille, and Somali girls show the highest rates of early and child marriage at 64%, 54%, and 38%, respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gendered violence includes physical violence, verbal harassment, intimidation, and sexual violence, disproportionately affecting women candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alicia experienced various forms of violence, including physical attacks, verbal abuse, and psychological threats due to her political involvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FGC creates societal pressure on women to conform to traditional gender norms, impacting their eligibility in political leadership roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unmarried women can leverage their professional qualifications and educational achievements to gain political opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women faced widespread sexual violence, including rape, during the post-electoral violence, exacerbating their vulnerability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Single or divorced women often encounter significant prejudice and harassment that deters their political involvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnic rivalry often increases violence and discrimination against women, limiting their political participation and safety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women in politics are often viewed through a lens of suspicion, being labeled as promiscuous or untrustworthy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intersecting inequalities, such as class, ethnicity, and gender-based violence, create systemic barriers against women's political inclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early and child marriages often lead to school dropout, significantly limiting girls' educational opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wealthy ethnic elites can leverage their privilege to gain political influence and resources that marginalize other groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnic militias, often supported by political leaders, engage in violence and intimidation, significantly affecting the electoral process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political engagement for women often challenges traditional gender roles, leading to backlash and increased scrutiny.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intersecting identities such as ethnicity and class create unique challenges and opportunities for women, influencing their political participation and perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feminist movements in Kenya advocate for gender equality and influence policies aimed at enhancing women's political representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women face challenges including societal expectations, financial barriers, and limited access to political networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gender quotas promote increased representation of women in political positions, aiming for at least one-third of elected seats.</p> Signup and view all the answers