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What are the three main stages of citizenship development according to Marshall?
What rights were granted to citizens in the 18th century?
What is institutionalized into the parliament?
What is the main duty of citizenship that existed for a long period?
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What is the moral dimension of citizenship based on?
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What is the association between citizenship and nationality?
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What is the supreme stage of citizenship according to Marshall?
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What is the Welfare State according to Marshall?
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What is the result of the implementation of the Welfare State?
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What is the main idea of citizenship according to Marshall?
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What type of quotas have been adopted by parties in several countries to increase women's representation in Parliament?
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What is the 'contagion effect' in the context of women's representation in Parliament?
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What is the focus of the concept of citizenship in political science?
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What is the definition of citizenship according to Michael Walzer?
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What is the key aspect of citizenship?
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What is the significance of the emergence of democracy in the history of citizenship?
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Who is the author of the book 'Citizenship and Social Class'?
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What is the main aspect of citizenship according to the text?
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What is political participation, according to Lester Milbrath?
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What is the main idea behind Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba's work?
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What is the concept of 'real' citizenship?
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What is the 'democratic myth' according to Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba?
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What is the main criticism of traditional political theory by gender studies?
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What is the focus of Lester Milbrath's work on political participation?
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What is the significance of Milbrath's pyramid of political commitment?
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According to T.H. Marshall, how many types of citizenship have developed over time?
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What are the four categories of political commitment according to Milbrath?
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What is an example of women not having acquired the same rights as men?
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What is the focus of the 'minimalist paradigm' in the study of political participation?
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What is political socialization?
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What is the significance of the works of Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, and Lester Milbrath?
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What is the relationship between socialization and society?
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What is the main idea behind the concept of 'real' citizenship?
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What is the main difference between the development of citizenship for men and women?
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What is the main criticism of the SES model?
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According to the SES model, what happens to those who are already the most advantaged?
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What is a limitation of the early works on political socialization?
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What is an example of a non-participant according to the text?
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What is the main idea of the SES model?
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What is a type of participant according to Verba and Nye?
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What is a criticism of the early models of political participation?
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What is an aspect of political participation that should be considered?
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Study Notes
Women's Resistance Strategies
- Internal resistance of women advocating for party quotas explains differential performance of countries in terms of women's representation in Parliament.
- Legislated and voluntary party quotas have a "contagion effect" and have been adopted by 181 parties in 58 countries to nominate candidates for parliamentary elections.
- Mainly socialist, green, and communist parties have adopted gender quotas.
Concept of Citizenship
- Citizenship is a general concept for theoretical and empirical analysis of links between individuals, institutions, and the State.
- Definition: a member of a political community, endowed with prerogatives and entrusted with responsibilities (Michael Walzer).
- Includes rights and responsibilities: individuals enjoying rights and accepting duties in return.
- Linked to the emergence of democracy, emerged with the American and French Revolutions in the 18th century.
T.H. Marshall's Stages of Citizenship
- 1st stage (18th century): civil rights (freedom of speech, thought, ownership, contract, and equal justice) were granted to citizens.
- 2nd stage (19th century): political rights (voting and eligibility rights) were granted to citizens.
- 3rd stage (20th century): social rights (education, wealth, housing, etc.) were granted to citizens.
Remarks on Citizenship
- Rights and duties: citizens are endowed with prerogatives and in charge of responsibilities.
- Moral dimension: good citizenship, virtue, civism (e.g., act of voting).
- Citizenship and nationality: not always synonymous, with exceptions for minors, criminals, and EU citizenship.
Citizenship and the Welfare State
- Marshall considers the implementation of the welfare state a supreme stage of citizenship.
- The Welfare State extends citizenship to include social rights.
- Formal vs. real citizenship: citizens must have the dignity necessary to exercise their rights.
Gender and Citizenship
- Traditional political theory considers citizenship as universal, but gender studies question this assumption.
- Women's citizenship development has not followed the same historical pattern as men's.
- The design of a single process of citizenship development based on a masculine model introduces bias.
Political Socialization
- Mechanism of internalization of societal norms and values.
- Linked to society's ability to shape and transform individuals.
- Operation of selected re-appropriation: individuals select among influences.
Citizens and Politics: Political Participation
- Set of activities by which citizens try to appeal to public authorities.
- Includes voting, donating, running for office, and writing petitions.
- Activities are interrelated and hierarchical, forming a cumulative process.
Models of Political Participation
- Milbrath's pyramid: apathetic, spectator, transitional, and gladiatorial activities.
- Almond and Verba's civic culture: combination of minority activism and majority indifference ensures stability.
- Verba and Nye's SES model: political participation is unevenly distributed among the population, with socio-economic status.
- Critiques of early works: limited conception of political participation, ignoring context and multidimensionality.
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Description
This quiz explores the strategies employed by women to advocate for party quotas and increase their representation in Parliament. It delves into the different types of quotas and their impact on women's representation.
