Women in Political Leadership in Sub-Saharan Africa
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Questions and Answers

What notable progress in women's political representation can be observed in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Sub-Saharan Africa has seen a growing number of women political decision makers, with countries like Rwanda leading in the proportion of women in parliament.

What specific mechanism has been introduced in Kenya to enhance women's political participation?

Kenya introduced two-thirds gender quotas in its rights-based constitution of 2010 to promote women's political participation.

How has the academic interest regarding women in politics evolved in Sub-Saharan Africa?

There has been increased investigation into the factors affecting women's political inclusion, including barriers and opportunities.

What is the significance of intersectional approaches in studying women's politics in Africa?

<p>Intersectional approaches highlight how various inequalities, such as ethnicity and class, affect women's experiences in politics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries in Sub-Saharan Africa rank among the top 20 globally for women's representation in parliament?

<p>South Africa, Senegal, Namibia, and Mozambique are among the top 20 countries for women's representation in parliament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of women’s involvement in politics remains understudied, according to recent scholarly work?

<p>The personal perceptions and experiences of politically active women, especially related to intersecting inequalities, are underexamined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Kenya considered a relevant case study for examining women's political participation?

<p>Kenya is noted for its vibrant feminist movements and international summits focused on gender equality and women's rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does feminist activism play in the political landscape of Africa?

<p>Feminist activism is linked to the processes of democratization and influences electoral politics through collective organizing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method used to collect qualitative data on women's political experiences in Kenya?

<p>Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted among various political stakeholders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the proportion of women in the Kenyan National Assembly and Senate after the 2017 elections?

<p>It increased to 23 percent of parliamentarians and 31 percent of senators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which years did the ethnographically oriented fieldwork take place in Nairobi?

<p>The fieldwork was conducted in 2013, 2014, and 2015.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to existing research, how do women politicians typically differ from their male counterparts in promoting policy?

<p>Women politicians tend to promote left-wing values, advocating for public spending and social policies more than men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In how many women members of parliament (MPs) were elected in the 2022 Kenyan election?

<p>29 women MPs were elected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major effect anticipated from having a higher number of women in elected positions?

<p>It is expected to lead to a stronger push towards gender equality in legislation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is ethnicity a crucial factor in Kenyan electoral politics?

<p>Kenya's population is composed of over 40 ethnic nationalities, affecting political party organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism is associated with the presence of women parliamentarians in South Africa, according to Shireen Hassim?

<p>A large number of women parliamentarians does not necessarily lead to redistributive politics benefiting poor women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'intersecting inequalities' refer to in the context of women's political experiences?

<p>It refers to cultural, institutional, and material power asymmetries that affect women's experiences differently based on various identities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify a country that has seen significant legislative changes due to women parliamentarians, as mentioned in the content.

<p>Rwanda is mentioned as having introduced new laws important to women through female parliamentarians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does class play in the analysis of women's political inclusion in Kenya?

<p>Class relations contribute to the understanding of how inequalities affect women's political experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do Kenyan women face that complicate their political participation?

<p>They face barriers stemming from sexism, ethnic nationalism, racism, and socioeconomic status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that has led to a rise in women parliamentarians in sub-Saharan Africa?

<p>Women’s collective mobilization as a feminist force has contributed to this rise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have conflicts in African countries influenced women's political representation?

<p>Conflicts have often led to constitutional reforms benefiting women's rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the intersectional approach differ from traditional analyses in electoral politics?

<p>The intersectional approach recognizes the overlap of multiple identities and their simultaneous impact on political opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the increase in the number of women governors from 2017 to 2022 in Kenya?

<p>The number increased from three to seven women governors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might first-past-the-post electoral systems hinder women's political representation?

<p>Such systems are structured in single-member districts, making parties less likely to nominate women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What negative impact does corruption have on women's political inclusion in Africa?

<p>Corruption serves as a significant barrier to women's political participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the article, what should be recognized for greater women's participation in electoral politics?

<p>There needs to be an attentiveness to the diversity of women participating in politics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples provided in the article illustrating intersectionality in electoral processes?

<p>Party nominations, political campaigning, and electoral violence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Manon Tremblay, what primarily influences women's access to legislative arenas?

<p>The voting system is identified as the most crucial factor for women's legislative access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do gender quotas in African countries symbolize, according to the content provided?

<p>Gender quotas symbolize a leading approach to affirmative action for women's political representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has colonial history influenced present-day political dynamics in Kenya?

<p>Colonial exploitation created enduring racial and economic inequalities that persist today.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one theme important to women that has seen legislative changes due to female parliamentarians in Africa.

<p>Themes such as gender-based violence or children's rights have seen legislative advancements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the article suggest about feminist solidarities in political contexts?

<p>It emphasizes the need for joint agendas while recognizing diverse experiences among women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the context of democratic establishment affect women's descriptive representation in Africa?

<p>Recent democratization does not automatically enhance women's representation; the voting system is key.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant number does Kenya rank worldwide in terms of women's representation in parliament?

<p>Kenya ranks 98th in the world for women's representation in the national parliament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the article outline about the role of politically active women in Kenya?

<p>They illustrate barriers to inclusion and envision new political possibilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of examining age and marital status in the context of intersectionality?

<p>These factors add complexity to understanding women's political opportunities and barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major global event in the 1990s pressured for women's political inclusion?

<p>The democratization process in the 1990s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant conference in 1995 emphasized women's rights within international development agendas?

<p>The Fourth United Nations World Conference on Women in Beijing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the political landscape in Kenya shift after the collapse of the Soviet bloc?

<p>Western donors began to demand greater accountability and respect for human rights from the Kenyan government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does political patronage play in women's political inclusion in Kenya?

<p>Political patronage creates barriers for women, as these networks are predominantly male-led and often require resources that women typically lack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges did Kenyan women face despite their active participation in the democratization process?

<p>They still remained largely underrepresented in the parliament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ethnicity influence voting behavior in Kenya according to the provided context?

<p>Ethnicity influences voting behavior as individuals often vote for candidates from their own ethnic groups to secure access to resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of women in the Kenyan parliament following the 2007 election?

<p>About 9 percent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant historical event happened in Kenya in 1963 regarding women's rights?

<p>In 1963, Kenya gained independence and women were granted suffrage, allowing them the right to vote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did socioeconomic factors have on women's political inclusion in Kenya?

<p>Socioeconomic factors, including class and access to resources, significantly affect women's ability to participate and succeed in politics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the 2010 constitutional process benefit women's rights in Kenya?

<p>It established the 'two-thirds gender principle' to ensure gender balance in political positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between gender inequalities and women's political representation in Botswana compared to Rwanda?

<p>Both countries exhibit gender inequalities that affect women's political representation, despite Botswana having an established representative democracy and Rwanda becoming increasingly authoritarian.</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the 2013 election, what percentage of women were members of the Kenyan National Assembly?

<p>21 percent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant result of the quota system during the 2017 elections?

<p>Three women were elected as governors for the first time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural factors contribute to the exclusion of ethnic minorities from politics in Kenya?

<p>Ethnic patronage networks often marginalize minorities, limiting their access to political power and inclusivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enduring challenges remain for women in Kenyan politics despite progress made?

<p>The Senate and National Assembly do not fully comply with the constitutional gender principle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Kenya African National Union (KANU) utilize the Maendeleo ya Wanawake (MYWO) organization after independence?

<p>KANU used MYWO to attract women's votes while simultaneously being hesitant to support women's political inclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the consequences for women’s political participation during Kenya’s one-party state era?

<p>Women's political participation was severely limited during the one-party state, with women MPs ranging from only one to six.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to some scholars, what new inequalities have emerged from the quota system?

<p>A divide between elected and nominated women MPs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key factors continue to impede women's political empowerment in Kenya?

<p>The power of political parties, campaign financing, and cultural ideas about women’s leadership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do traditional leaders influence women's participation in politics?

<p>Traditional leaders can both support and hinder women's political aspirations, pushing them toward or away from political races.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What argument has been made regarding women politicians and political tribalism?

<p>It has been argued that women politicians tend to oppose political tribalism, seeking a more inclusive and less divisive political environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of political violence during the 2007 elections in Kenya?

<p>It led to over 1,200 deaths and the displacement of more than 500,000 people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical role did the British colonizers play in women's movements in Kenya?

<p>British colonizers demobilized autonomous women's movements and integrated them into existing power structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of ministers were women after the 2013 elections in Kenya?

<p>22 percent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issues have arisen in reaction to the progressive equality policies in Kenya?

<p>Active opposition aiming to preserve male privileges and the patriarchal status quo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethnic group in Kenya historically dominated political and economic life after independence?

<p>The Kikuyu ethnic group historically dominated Kenyan politics and economic life following independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What future implications may arise from the number of women parliamentarians in a democracy?

<p>The presence of women parliamentarians might reveal unexpected benefits for democracy beyond immediate legislative changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do intersectional identities shape women's experiences in Kenyan politics?

<p>Intersectional identities, including ethnicity and class, significantly influence women's experiences and opportunities within the political landscape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the intersectional approach in examining women's political participation?

<p>The intersectional approach examines diverse experiences among women in electoral politics, considering multiple axes of difference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can women's personal experiences contribute to their political inclusion in diverse backgrounds?

<p>Women are the best experts at identifying barriers to their political inclusion through their personal experiences, thus enabling them to propose realistic solutions for tackling systemic issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does collective political agency play in promoting gender equality in political systems?

<p>Collective political agency allows women to unite in their efforts, advocating for intersectional inclusion and equality within the political landscape by raising awareness of shared challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways do socio-cultural issues, such as child marriage, intersect with women's political participation?

<p>Socio-cultural issues like child marriage create barriers that limit women's agency and ability to engage politically, thus undermining their representation and participation in governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for women to articulate their expectations for desirable political futures?

<p>Articulating their expectations allows women to define their political needs and aspirations, contributing to more inclusive and accountable political systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does intersectional inclusion benefit women's roles in political parties?

<p>Intersectional inclusion acknowledges the diverse backgrounds and experiences of women, leading to more representative decision-making and policies that address varied needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary ideologies that influence political parties in Kenya according to the young male interviewee?

<p>Money and tribe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the endorsement of the councils of elders affect political candidates in Kenya?

<p>It is required to secure support from their respective ethnic community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What accusation did young women candidates frequently face during elections?

<p>Accusations of having slept with party leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What financial challenge is often cited as a barrier to women's political campaigns?

<p>Lack of economic resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of political campaigns, what is noted as a significant disadvantage for young candidates?

<p>They lack the resources compared to older politicians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of vote-buying practices in Kenyan elections?

<p>It compromises the integrity of the electoral process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the decentralization of administration have on the cost of political campaigns in Kenya?

<p>It increases competition and the associated costs of campaigns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Alicia, what logistical challenges do young candidates face during elections?

<p>Lack of resources to reach the electorate effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some reasons women face challenges during party nominations in Kenya?

<p>Women face challenges due to ethnic loyalties, lack of access to resources, and the dominance of men in decision-making roles within political parties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sentiment did the interviewees express about the attitudes of older Kenyans towards ethnic leaders?

<p>Older Kenyans expect young people to obey traditional ethnic leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the party nomination process affect the implementation of the two-thirds gender rule?

<p>The party nomination process often undermines the two-thirds gender rule by not adhering to gender principles, resulting in a low number of women nominated as candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of candidates were women in the 2022 elections in Kenya?

<p>Only 11 percent of the total number of candidates in the 2022 elections were women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor that enabled young women to participate politically in places like Garissa?

<p>A minimum education level requirement for candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do voters often depend on wealthy individuals during elections in Kenya?

<p>Due to the absence of institutional public services and social security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tactics do political parties use that complicate nominations for women candidates?

<p>Political parties often engage in intimidation and corrupt practices, such as stealing nomination certificates and prioritizing candidates based on wealth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does economic resource disparity have on women's political careers?

<p>Economic resource disparity limits women's ability to compete in party nominations, as they often cannot afford high nomination fees or counter intimidation tactics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ethnic patronage contribute to the challenges faced by young political aspirants?

<p>It creates a resource gap favoring older male candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the women supporters assist in one parliamentarian's nomination process?

<p>The women supporters helped by resisting attempts to sabotage the nomination, insisting on the rightful release of the nomination certificate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What intersectional factors are highlighted as disadvantages for young women in politics?

<p>Gender, class, and age operate simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do party nominations often favor higher bidders?

<p>Nominations can favor higher bidders because political parties may prioritize candidates who can afford to pay costly fees and mobilize resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional impact did one woman MP describe facing due to financial challenges during campaigns?

<p>She felt desperation and almost cried when the money ran out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the electoral outcomes for women in the Kenyan National Assembly as of the current data?

<p>Of the 394 MPs, only 29 women were elected, along with 47 women county representatives from women-only elections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of financial support did candidates like Alicia believe older male rivals had?

<p>They had greater financial resources to invest in their campaigns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do political party agendas play in candidate selections?

<p>Political party agendas often overshadow the need for gender representation, leading to the selection of candidates based on alignment with party strategies rather than gender balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have some political parties tried to address the financial barriers women face in nominations?

<p>Some parties have lowered nomination fees for women, but these efforts have not completely mitigated the financial disparities with male candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways do male politicians impact the nomination process for women?

<p>Male politicians often dominate nomination processes, mobilize support through networks, and can intimidate women candidates, undermining their chances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common experience for women in the party primary process, according to the interviewees?

<p>Interviewees described the party primary process as 'mucky' and fraught with abuse and corruption, reflecting the difficulties women face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What recommendations did the interviewees suggest for improving women's political inclusion?

<p>Interviewees suggested that political parties should implement gender principles in nominations, ensuring a specific proportion of women candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do ethnic loyalties influence the party nomination process?

<p>Ethnic loyalties can affect candidate selection, as parties prioritize candidates from certain ethnic groups to maintain voter support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ethnicity intersect with gender in political representation in Kenya?

<p>Ethnicity and gender intersect in Kenya as women from historically dominant ethnic groups may experience better access to political power, while those from marginalized groups face additional barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cultural beliefs hinder women from pursuing leadership roles in their communities?

<p>Cultural beliefs often dictate that a woman's role is primarily as a caregiver and homemaker, undermining their potential as leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy did some women politicians use to align with cultural expectations during their campaigns?

<p>They capitalized on cultural beliefs surrounding motherhood and marriage to present themselves as nurturing and caring leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of the 'gender double bind' affect women politicians in Kenya?

<p>Women politicians face criticism regardless of how they conduct themselves; they may be penalized for not adhering to traditional gender roles or not succeeding in them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did a woman MP overcome the challenges related to her marital status during her campaign?

<p>She emphasized her capabilities, education, and professional experiences, and focused on personal engagement with the electorate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges did young women face in accessing political office according to the text?

<p>Young women often face greater challenges due to intersecting inequalities, including societal expectations about marriage and age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can belonging to a politically incorrect party act as a barrier for women politicians?

<p>Running in a party viewed unfavorably by the community can lead to difficulties in gaining voter support and acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did marriage into a different tribe have on a young woman's political ambitions?

<p>It led to her being perceived as a foreigner in her electoral pursuit, complicating her ability to connect with constituents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the experience of women politicians from rural areas differ from those in urban settings?

<p>Women from rural areas may find greater community support and cultural acceptance, while urban women may face different societal challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of personal engagement in a woman's political campaign?

<p>Personal engagement helps politicians build trust, relate to voters, and counter stereotypes about women's capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did some women politicians do to challenge negative perceptions regarding their roles as leaders?

<p>They worked to portray women as capable leaders by emphasizing their qualifications and achievements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are cultural expectations of womanhood tied to political participation for women in Kenya?

<p>Cultural expectations often confine women to domestic roles, affecting their likelihood of pursuing political careers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of ethnic loyalty on women's political campaigns?

<p>Ethnic loyalty can dictate voter behavior, making it difficult for women from different backgrounds to gain support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What barriers do women experience in terms of community acceptance when running for office?

<p>Women often face skepticism regarding their capabilities and legitimacy as leaders based on traditional gender roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the political landscape in Kenya impact women's political aspirations?

<p>The political landscape is influenced by historical ethnic domination and gender biases, which create complex challenges for women candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does marital status influence women's political opportunities in Kenya?

<p>Marital status can serve as a valuable resource for some politically active women, while unmarried women may leverage their education for political engagement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethnic groups in Kenya have the highest prevalence of child marriage according to the study mentioned?

<p>The Maasai, Somali, Samburu, Rendille, and Pokot ethnic groups have significant rates of child marriage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms of violence do women in Kenyan electoral politics often experience?

<p>Women frequently face sexual violence, verbal harassment, and physical assaults during elections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does female genital cutting (FGC) play in women's political participation in certain communities in Kenya?

<p>FGC is seen as a requirement for 'proper' womanhood, impacting women's eligibility for political leadership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do prejudices against single or divorced women affect their political careers in Kenya?

<p>Single or divorced women often face significant prejudice and harassment, making political participation challenging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the 2007–2008 electoral violence on women in Kenya?

<p>The electoral violence resulted in widespread sexual violence against women, including thousands of rapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to interviews, what common misconception exists about women in politics?

<p>Many people believe that women in politics are promiscuous or untrustworthy due to their association with male politicians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What intersectional factors influence the challenges women face in Kenyan politics?

<p>Gender, ethnicity, class, age, and marital status collectively shape the unique challenges women encounter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do wealthy ethnic elites leverage their privilege in politics in Kenya?

<p>Wealthy ethnic elites often leverage their advantages to manipulate political gains while sidelining disadvantaged women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological effects did Alicia experience due to her political persecution?

<p>Alicia faced constant physical insecurity and psychological trauma from harassment and violence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What obstacles do young women face relative to older women in Kenyan politics?

<p>Young women may experience exclusion based on age and societal expectations of womanhood differently than older counterparts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of early marriages for girls in Kenyan communities?

<p>Early marriages often lead to school dropouts for girls, limiting their future political opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Camille's statement reveal about the barriers women face in political careers?

<p>Camille's statement highlights that women are often pressured to comply with sexual advances to advance their political careers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ethnic rivalries manifest during elections in Kenya?

<p>Ethnic rivalries can lead to violence and intimidation during elections, impacting all candidates but harming women more severely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country is known for having the highest proportion of women in national parliament?

<p>Rwanda</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reform was introduced in Kenya's constitution of 2010 to enhance women's political participation?

<p>Two-thirds gender quotas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of women's political experiences remains underexamined according to recent scholarly work?

<p>Women’s perceptions of electoral politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT identified as a barrier to women's political inclusion in Africa?

<p>High educational requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role has feminist activism played in the context of political landscapes in Africa?

<p>It has promoted collective feminist organizing and mobilizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of women in politics, what does the term 'intersectional approach' typically emphasize?

<p>The diversity of women’s experiences based on overlapping identities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the presence of women parliamentarians influenced legislative themes in Africa?

<p>Supported significant changes in themes important to women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges faced by politically active women in Kenya?

<p>Navigating intersecting inequalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many women members of parliament (MPs) were chosen in the 2022 Kenyan election?

<p>29</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the Kenyan parliament is currently made up of women?

<p>23%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic that influences women’s political inclusion in Kenya?

<p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is highlighted as crucial in the context of Kenyan electoral politics?

<p>Gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of women's political experiences does the intersectional approach particularly emphasize?

<p>Complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to individual or household-based incomes and human capabilities?

<p>Vertical inequalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of Kenya's global standing, what rank does it hold regarding women's representation in parliament?

<p>98th</p> Signup and view all the answers

What intersectional characteristic has not been adequately discussed in relation to women's political participation?

<p>Climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact has colonial history had on political dynamics in Kenya?

<p>Led to exploitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a barrier to political inclusion identified in the content?

<p>Electoral violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of Kenya's population in relation to ethnicity?

<p>More than 40 ethnic nationalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which of the following does not complicate women's political participation?

<p>Political stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of women's political inclusion is described as 'holistic' and 'nuanced'?

<p>Intersectional approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as a critical need for the enhancement of women's political representation?

<p>Feminist solidarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of female candidates in the 2022 elections in Kenya?

<p>11%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of women in the Kenyan National Assembly after the 2013 elections?

<p>16%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is primarily cited as affecting party nominations in Kenya?

<p>Ethnic loyalties</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable feature of the 2010 constitutional process in Kenya regarding gender representation?

<p>It required a two-thirds gender principle in positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the challenges women face during party nominations?

<p>Women often face sabotage and monetary barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed significantly to the pressures for women's political inclusion in the 1990s?

<p>The global democratization process</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of political nominations, what does the two-thirds gender rule aim to address?

<p>Ensuring gender representation in nominations</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the 2007 election in Kenya affect women's representation in parliament?

<p>Increased to 9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do socioeconomic factors impact women's ability to participate in nominations?

<p>They create barriers due to wealth disparities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the post-electoral violence in 2008 in Kenya?

<p>Emergence of new opportunities for women’s rights advocates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group particularly struggles with party nominations according to the interviewees?

<p>Women and unemployed youth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do women play in identifying barriers to their political inclusion?

<p>They are the best experts at identifying barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following issues is NOT related to facilitating women's political inclusion?

<p>Access to higher education</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common strategy do male candidates employ to intimidate female candidates during nominations?

<p>Mobilizing militias</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the total percentage of women in Ministerial positions following the 2013 elections?

<p>22%</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do women contribute to the political system when addressing their challenges?

<p>By engaging in individual and collective political agency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of elected MPs in Kenya were women after the most recent elections mentioned?

<p>24%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which challenge persists in relation to women's representation in Kenyan politics?

<p>Cultural beliefs about women’s leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the interviewees suggest would improve women's political inclusion?

<p>Strengthening party gender principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the expectations women have regarding the political system?

<p>Greater transparency in electoral processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the representation of women in the Kenyan Senate after the 2013 elections?

<p>16 appointed women</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the broader issues that affect women's political inclusion?

<p>A variety of socio-cultural and political-economic issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following problems did a woman senator identify related to party dynamics?

<p>Men dominate nominations and represent party agendas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event emphasized women's rights at an international level in 1995?

<p>The Fourth UN World Conference on Women</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, what aspect of political campaigning could impact women's success?

<p>Ethnic identities and regional affiliations</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the quota system affect women's representation in the 2017 elections?

<p>It resulted in 22% women in the National Assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the representation of women in competitive versus women-only seats?

<p>Women only hold women-only seats</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the interviewees identify as a possible barrier for women in electing candidates?

<p>Limited access to financial resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome did the woman parliamentarian describe from her experience in overcoming challenges during nominations?

<p>Gaining support and solidarity from women voters</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a challenge with the implementation of the gender quota system in Kenya?

<p>Creating new types of inequalities among women MPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant historical outcome of civil society's influence in Kenya regarding women's political participation?

<p>Emergence of professional women’s groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is highlighted as an expensive affair in the context of Kenyan politics?

<p>Party nominations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ongoing issue do legislative and policy changes face in enhancing women's political inclusion in Kenya?

<p>Resistance from male-dominated political structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common observation regarding women politicians in terms of political values?

<p>They are generally supportive of public spending and gender policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the experience of conflict been related to women's political rights in some African countries?

<p>It has opened new political forums that promote women's rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific influence does the electoral system, particularly the first-past-the-post system, have on women's representation?

<p>It makes it more difficult for women to be elected due to single-member districts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered a significant barrier to women’s political participation in Africa?

<p>Corruption within political systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a documented effect of high numbers of women parliamentarians in certain African countries?

<p>Legitimation of non-democratic practices in some regimes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of women’s representation has been observed in the contexts of Rwanda and Uganda?

<p>Women parliamentarians have successfully changed laws significant to women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to research, what does democratization not automatically guarantee for women’s descriptive representation?

<p>Improved success rates for women candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a critical period for mobilizing women's political power in sub-Saharan Africa?

<p>The 1990s and early 2000s amidst transitions to democracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation imply for women's legislative power?

<p>Descriptive representation leads to substantial political changes for women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors can influence women's access to legislative positions aside from cultural factors?

<p>Socio-economic status and political factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to research, what is one argument frequently made about women's mobilization in political contexts?

<p>It serves to diversify political engagement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific law has been influenced by women parliamentarians in African countries as noted in the article?

<p>Laws related to gender-based violence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do women politicians face even in environments with higher female representation?

<p>Political patronage practices that disadvantage them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the presence of gender quotas in Africa been characterized in the content?

<p>As a strategy with considerable scholarly support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What general conclusion can be drawn about the relationship between women’s rights and electoral systems in Kenya?

<p>The electoral system can impede women's political representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do political patronage networks typically affect women's political inclusion in Kenya?

<p>They create barriers for women due to lack of access to resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethnic group did not enjoy the same political and economic benefits as the Kikuyu in postcolonial Kenya?

<p>Maasai</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary use of the Maendeleo ya Wanawake organization after Kenya gained independence in 1963?

<p>To attract women’s votes while limiting their influencing power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common voting behavior among Kenyans regarding ethnic identity?

<p>They prefer candidates from their own ethnic groups to access resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the status of women MPs in Kenya from the late 1960s until the 1990s?

<p>The number of women MPs ranged from one to six.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason women in Kenyan politics might face pressures to withdraw from races?

<p>Pressure from traditional leaders regarding women's suitability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of women's identities is emphasized in the intersectional approach to studying electoral politics?

<p>The simultaneous effects of multiple axes of difference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which groups of women in Kenya have historically been marginalized from the political process?

<p>Indigenous peoples and minorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Kenya's postcolonial leaders view autonomous women's movements?

<p>As threats to their power structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the concept of neopatrimonialism in African states?

<p>A form of governance based on personalized exchanges and resource allocations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects the findings on women politicians opposing tribalism?

<p>They tend to oppose political tribalism, despite ethnic affiliations impacting their careers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant impact of having a high number of women in elected positions in a legislative body?

<p>Enhanced focus on gender-related issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do Kenyan women encounter beyond gender inequalities in politics?

<p>Heightened class disparities and ethnic affiliations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which presidency did the Kalenjin enjoy disproportionate access to jobs and resources in Kenya?

<p>Daniel arap Moi's presidency</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does ethnicity influence voting behavior in Kenya?

<p>Ethnicity is perceived as a major influence on voting decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two main ideologies dominate the political parties in Kenya according to a youth activist?

<p>Money and tribe/ethnicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Kenyan politics, which of the following groups is predominantly led by councils of elders?

<p>Ethnic groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the lack of funding in political campaigns signify more for women than men?

<p>Greater barriers to political participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is seen as a significant barrier for young women aspiring to enter politics in Kenya?

<p>Accusations of personal relationships with party leaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the significant comments made by a woman politician regarding campaign funding?

<p>It often causes female candidates to drop out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Alicia identify as giving male politicians an advantage in elections?

<p>Their economic resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

In some regions like Garissa, what criterion has favored young women over older non-educated women in political nominations?

<p>Minimum education level</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of political campaigning has been highlighted as increasingly expensive in recent Kenyan elections?

<p>Logistical and material expenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do voters in Kenya often perceive wealthy political candidates?

<p>As essential providers for community welfare</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disadvantage do young women face in the political landscape relative to older male nominees?

<p>Stronger ethnic networks and financial resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal issue did many interviewees believe was affecting young women's chances in politics?

<p>Competition from older politicians</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic condition primarily affects young women's political aspirations in Kenya?

<p>The need for financial backing to launch campaigns</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is often targeted for vote buying due to their precarious economic position?

<p>Unemployed youth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perception do older Kenyans often have towards the youth regarding traditional ethnic leaders?

<p>They expect youth to adhere to traditional rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cultural barrier did the woman politician from the United Republican Party (URP) face during her campaign?

<p>Her community believed in male leadership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy did some women politicians use to improve their public perception?

<p>Emphasizing their marital and maternal roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the gender double bind impact women in politics according to the content?

<p>Women faced criticism for not conforming to expected roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did marrying into a different tribe have on a woman’s political aspirations?

<p>It led to perceptions of her being a foreigner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a challenge faced by women candidates in the 2013 elections in specific areas mentioned?

<p>Threats for not supporting native candidates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the woman MP emphasize to counteract the stigma of not being married?

<p>Her educational and professional qualifications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might some women politicians prefer to downplay their marital status?

<p>To avoid being judged on domestic capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the woman MP from the rural area attribute her election success to?

<p>Community engagement and support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant barrier for women politicians highlighted in the content?

<p>Existence of clientelist systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'political elite' refer to in the context provided?

<p>Individuals from historically dominant ethnic groups in politics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach did Camille report about women's leadership in her county?

<p>Women are primarily viewed as caretakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is emphasized as influencing a woman politician's success?

<p>The popularity of her political party in the region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the ethnicized nature of political resource allocation?

<p>Affluent politicians predominantly emerging from certain ethnic groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the woman MP justify her political career despite not being married?

<p>By highlighting her professional achievements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of early and child marriage on girls in certain Kenyan communities?

<p>Excludes them from political participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethnic group has the highest reported percentage of girls married by age 18 according to UNICEF?

<p>Pokot</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do single or divorced women generally experience political participation in Kenya?

<p>They encounter significant prejudice and harassment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of violence has been particularly noted to be faced by women during electoral politics in Kenya?

<p>Sexual violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common tactic used by male politicians to undermine women candidates during elections?

<p>Using verbal abuse to discredit them</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the practice of Female Genital Cutting (FGC) signify in terms of women's political representation?

<p>It is a prerequisite for eligibility in political leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the discussed article, which aspect of women's political participation has often been overlooked?

<p>Specific challenges of ethnic-minority women and young women</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key incident of electoral violence mentioned in the article?

<p>The 2007–2008 post-electoral massacre</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a reason women face barriers in Kenyan politics?

<p>Government support for women's candidacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal belief often hinders women's credibility in politics in Kenya?

<p>Engaging in politics tarnishes a woman's reputation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among which ethnic groups is FGC nearly universal, affecting women's political opportunities?

<p>Rendille, Somali, Samburu, and Pokot</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of violence are women often subjected to during elections besides physical assault?

<p>Sexual coercion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of societal norms is highlighted regarding women who are not subjected to FGC?

<p>They are often disregarded as politically mature</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary focus areas of research concerning politically active women in Kenya?

<p>Individual experiences of women in politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant reform was introduced in Kenya’s constitution of 2010 to enhance women's political representation?

<p>Two-thirds gender quotas</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do intersectional inequalities influence women's political experiences in Kenya?

<p>They can amplify challenges based on ethnicity and class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of women's political participation in Kenya remains largely underexamined?

<p>The diversity of women’s experiences in politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified as an important reason for the rise of women's political representation in Sub-Saharan Africa?

<p>Progressive policies and gender quotas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has the highest proportion of women in its national parliament?

<p>Rwanda</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of activism has been explored in relation to women's political participation in Africa?

<p>Collective feminist organizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of an increase in women parliamentarians on legislative changes?

<p>Introduction of more gender-focused policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do women play in identifying barriers to their political inclusion?

<p>They are the best experts at identifying barriers themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of socio-cultural issues that may hinder women's political inclusion?

<p>Child marriage</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do women contribute to political discussions regarding their inclusion?

<p>By identifying problems and proposing alternative visions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measures would NOT benefit women's political inclusion?

<p>Encouraging male dominance in political parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key outcome of women's political agency as described?

<p>Achieving intersectional inclusion and equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of parliamentarians in Kenya are currently women?

<p>23%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable change occurred in the number of women governors from the 2017 to the 2022 elections in Kenya?

<p>Women governors increased from 3 to 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an intersectional characteristic affecting women's political participation in Kenya?

<p>Geographic location</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the influence of ethnicity in Kenyan electoral politics?

<p>Ethnic nationalism is a key organizing factor in parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rank of Kenya in terms of women's representation in the national parliament worldwide?

<p>98th</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are intersecting inequalities conceptualized as, according to the information provided?

<p>A combination of vertical and horizontal inequalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the complexity of women's political experiences as mentioned in the content?

<p>Technological advancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical method is emphasized in the article for understanding women's political participation?

<p>An ethnographically oriented qualitative approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of intersectional analysis has been underscored in the context of Kenyan electoral politics?

<p>It provides a holistic and nuanced understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the article characterize the current understanding of women's political inclusion?

<p>Holistic and complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of representation, what proportion of Kenyan senators are women?

<p>31%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem does political patronage create for women in Kenya's politics?

<p>Excludes women from decision-making processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What overarching theme does the article amplify in analyzing women's political engagement in Kenya?

<p>Recognition of diverse women’s experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant obstacle do women face during party nominations in Kenya?

<p>Lack of financial resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of candidates in the 2022 elections were women in Kenya?

<p>11%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of party nominations was described as a 'very mucky process'?

<p>The fight for nominee certificates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are women often unable to inherit property, affecting their wealth and political ambitions?

<p>Cultural practices hinder women's rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does ethnic loyalty play in the political nomination process?

<p>It acts as a barrier to women's nominations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group has a quota option in the Kenyan electoral system?

<p>Women representatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tactic do male candidates often use to intimidate female candidates during nominations?

<p>Mobilizing violent militias</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key factor often dictates nominations over gender inclusivity in political parties?

<p>The political party's agenda</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women were elected as MPs from constituencies in Kenya's current parliament?

<p>29%</p> Signup and view all the answers

The challenges women face in political nominations are compounded by what additional aspect?

<p>The requirement for financial backing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the two-thirds gender rule in Kenya aim to address?

<p>Gender diversity among nominees</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common strategy is used by political parties regarding women's nominations?

<p>They often neglect gender equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about women's economic resources in Kenyan politics?

<p>Women usually struggle with fewer economic resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that hinders women's political inclusion in Kenya?

<p>Ethnically built patronage networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does ethnicity play in Kenya's political patronage system?

<p>It significantly influences resource allocation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Kenya African National Union (KANU) utilize the Maendeleo ya Wanawake (MYWO) after independence?

<p>To attract women's votes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception exists regarding women's self-identification in Kenya?

<p>They largely identify as Kenyans over ethnicities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limits women's representation and political participation in Kenya's patronage system?

<p>Limited access to financial resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT typically a part of the intersectional approach to women's political inclusion?

<p>Personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did colonial legitimacy have on women’s movements in Kenya?

<p>It undermined women's autonomous movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the political landscape in Kenya regarding ethnic affiliations?

<p>Ethnically cohesive voter support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is associated with increased numbers of women parliamentarians in a country?

<p>Anticipated benefits for democracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women were in the Kenyan National Assembly after the 2013 election?

<p>16%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dynamics play a crucial role in women's political careers influenced by ethnicity?

<p>Support from their ethnic communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common pattern among Kenyan women's political participation during the KANU dominance?

<p>Sparse political participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key principle was established by the 2010 Kenyan constitution regarding gender representation?

<p>Two-thirds gender principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant outcome of the 2002 general election in Kenya regarding women's political representation?

<p>Increased women to 8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of power dynamics does the idea of neopatrimonialism highlight in postcolonial states like Kenya?

<p>Patron-client relationships underpinning politics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do women frequently face when attempting to secure political positions?

<p>Pressure from traditional leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What external factor influenced donors to demand greater accountability from the Kenyan government?

<p>Soviet bloc collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which election saw the first elected women governors in Kenya?

<p>2017</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of women in the National Assembly after the 2017 elections?

<p>22%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of the 2008 post-electoral violence on women's rights advocacy?

<p>It opened new opportunity structures for advocates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does the content suggest has persisted within Kenya's political system affecting women's representation?

<p>Preservation of male privileges</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many women were elected as senators in the 2013 election?

<p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major critique regarding the transformative effect of women’s legislative activism?

<p>It has not altered male-dominated power structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique kind of seats do most women hold in the Kenyan parliament, as noted in the content?

<p>Women-only seats</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event highlighted the prominence of women's rights within international development agendas in the 1990s?

<p>Fourth UN World Conference on Women</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women were represented in ministerial positions in Kenya according to the content?

<p>22%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily hinders the nomination of women in countries with a first-past-the-post electoral system?

<p>Single-member districts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the political phenomenon seen where a large number of women in parliament does not guarantee beneficial outcomes for poor women?

<p>Redistributive politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a noted consequence of conflicts in African countries for women's political rights?

<p>Introduction of gender quotas</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are cultural, socio-economic, and political factors categorized according to Manon Tremblay's analysis?

<p>As aspects influencing women's access to legislative arenas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country is cited as having seen new laws passed by women parliamentarians related to themes important to women?

<p>South Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the research suggest about women's political representation above a certain threshold?

<p>It encourages legislative focus on gender equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which context has high representation of women in parliament been criticized for legitimizing non-democratic regimes?

<p>Sub-Saharan Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which period did women’s collective mobilization as a feminist force start to gain momentum in Africa?

<p>1990s and early 2000s</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the effects of the 2010 constitutional process in Kenya on women's rights?

<p>It increased recognition of gender equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region is noted as a leader in the adoption of affirmative action and gender quotas?

<p>Sub-Saharan Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cultural belief has been identified as a barrier to women's political leadership in some Kenyan communities?

<p>Women should primarily manage household duties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do some women politicians in Kenya successfully navigate cultural expectations during their campaigns?

<p>By using their marital status as a political asset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the electoral system in Kenya contributes to fewer elected women?

<p>First-past-the-post system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism about women's electoral success is associated with traditional patriarchal structures in Africa?

<p>High numbers of women parliamentarians may not impact structural inequalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the conflicting expectations placed on women regarding their behavior in politics?

<p>Gender double bind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly impacts women politicians' electoral success in Kenya according to the content?

<p>Their party affiliation in relation to community politics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which overarching theme is illustrated through the empirical sections of the discussions on women's politics?

<p>Intersecting inequalities in electoral politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What survey method complemented the qualitative interviews conducted in Nairobi?

<p>Online interviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy was employed by a woman MP to enhance her acceptability as a leader despite not being married?

<p>Focusing on her ability to lead effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can traditional gender roles pose challenges for women's political aspirations in Kenya?

<p>They undermine women's credibility as leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the expression 'performing politics through culturally accepted notions of motherhood' suggest?

<p>Women should exploit their familial identities in campaigns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disadvantage could women who marry into different tribes face during elections?

<p>They may be seen as outsiders within their political space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach did politicians attempt to take when addressing ethnic loyalties in their campaigns?

<p>Emphasizing individual capabilities over party affiliations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is often associated with women's dual roles in public and home settings?

<p>Accusations of neglecting family responsibilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception about non-native candidates in Kenyan elections could affect their success?

<p>They are seen as outsiders who don't represent native interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What facilitates a politician's acceptance according to the strategies mentioned in the content?

<p>Cultural sensitivity and social engagement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic faces the most significant challenges in accessing political office as highlighted in the content?

<p>Young women with diverse backgrounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary factors do political parties in Kenya prioritize according to the young interviewee's statement?

<p>Money and tribe/ethnicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do young women face when running for political office in Kenya?

<p>Accusations of improper relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do older politicians have an advantage over younger candidates in Kenya?

<p>Older politicians have stronger ethnic networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to interviewees, what is a major financial barrier for women in political campaigning in Kenya?

<p>The high cost of campaign materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do young people in Kenya perceive traditional ethnic leaders?

<p>As obsolete figures in modern politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect did the women's county representative highlight as essential for running a successful campaign?

<p>Financial resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

What accusation do women candidates often face that undermines their political legitimacy?

<p>Sexual relationships with influential men</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic benefit from educational criteria in political nominations in some regions of Kenya?

<p>Young educated women</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common method do established politicians use to influence voters during campaigns?

<p>Providing tokens or gifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major challenge do both women and young men face in political campaigning?

<p>Insufficient financial backing</p> Signup and view all the answers

In regions where financial resources are concentrated, which group is primarily disadvantaged?

<p>Uneducated younger women</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial element often expected from candidates in Kenyan elections to gain voter support?

<p>Economic contributions to the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic do politicians typically target with vote-buying initiatives?

<p>Unemployed youth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified as a result of the decentralization of administration in Kenya regarding political campaigns?

<p>Higher expenses for conducting campaigns</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Pokot girls are married by the age of 18?

<p>64%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of violence do women in Kenyan electoral politics primarily face?

<p>Sexual violence and sexual harassment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethnic group has the highest reported rate of early marriage at 64%?

<p>Pokot</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal expectation complicates women's political participation in certain Kenyan communities?

<p>Completion of female genital cutting (FGC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major violent event in Kenya exemplifies the severity of electoral violence?

<p>2007–2008 post-electoral massacre</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do unmarried women capitalize on their positions in Kenya's political landscape?

<p>By using their educational achievements</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one main consequence of early and child marriage on young girls in Kenya?

<p>School dropout rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy has been employed by political leaders in Kenya during elections, contributing to violence?

<p>Mobilizing ethnic militias and youth groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often a shared experience among women in Kenyan electoral politics?

<p>Experiences of gendered violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which community's women must prove their status as 'complete women' to engage politically?

<p>Rendille</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perception exists regarding women in politics according to community beliefs?

<p>They are often seen as untrustworthy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a perceived barrier to political entry mentioned by women interviewees?

<p>Emotional and psychological harassment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do early marriages play in the educational landscape for girls in impoverished communities?

<p>They create significant barriers to education</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of violence occurred frequently against women during the 2007–2008 political turmoil in Kenya?

<p>Sexual violence and rape</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sub-Saharan Africa's Women Political Decision-Makers

  • Sub-Saharan Africa shows increasing women in political decision-making roles, with progressive policies like gender quotas.
  • Rwanda has the highest proportion of women in national parliament, with South Africa, Senegal, Namibia, and Mozambique also ranking highly.
  • Feminist scholars are increasingly studying factors impacting women's political inclusion in Africa.

Kenyan Women in Electoral Politics

  • This article explores Kenyan women's experiences in electoral politics, specifically focusing on those actively involved in national decision-making and those aspiring to be.
  • Kenya is chosen for study due to its vibrant feminist movements, progressive constitution (including gender quotas), and although relatively poor ranking (98th globally), the proportion of women in parliament has more than doubled.
  • The latest election saw a rise in women MPs (29), governors (7), and senators (3).
  • Women currently comprise 23% of parliamentarians and 31% of senators.

Intersectionality in Kenyan Elections

  • Intersectionality, emphasized by scholars like Sylvia Tamale, is applied to understand how women's experiences in Kenyan elections are diverse and shaped by their identities (ethnicity, class, age, marital status).
  • Race and ethnicity are crucial in Kenyan politics due to diverse ethnic groups. Political parties often operate along ethnic lines leading to resource inequalities among communities.
  • Class inequalities are a key element, exacerbated by the widening gap between rich and poor, impacting intersectional analysis, particularly in post-colonial lower-middle-income countries like Kenya.

Methodology and Analysis

  • Holistic exploration of women's experiences in elections using 65 semi-structured interviews (Kenya) involving politicians, youth, civil society, and development agencies.
  • The research incorporates critical development studies and ethnographically oriented qualitative approach from political anthropology.

Women Politicians' Values and Representation

  • Studies show women politicians tend to promote social policies, unlike male politicians, aiming to foster gender equality in different aspects of life and politics.
  • Descriptive representation (number of women) does not always lead to substantive representation (redistributive policies that benefit women), particularly for poor women and certain ethnic groups.
  • High numbers of women in parliament can sometimes legitimize undemocratic practices by authoritarian regimes, negatively impacting certain groups.

Factors Influencing Women's Political Inclusion

  • Women's mobilization occurred during democratization processes in sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Constitutional reforms, often post-conflict, introduced gender quotas and affirmative action.
  • The electoral system (first-past-the-post) significantly impacts gender representation, as party nominations are less likely to include women.
  • Corruption and entrenched systems of patronage also heavily hinder women's inclusion.

Party Nominations & Campaigning

  • Party nominations highlight systemic challenges in Kenya, like low numbers of women nominated, and significant financial contributions that favor entrenched wealth and ethnic networks.
  • Female candidates often face abuse, intimidation, low access to financial resources (compared to male candidates), and challenges related to party nomination processes.
  • The high cost of campaigning further disadvantages women, given their limited access to financial resources compared to men.

Electoral Violence

  • Violence, including sexual violence, is commonplace in Kenyan elections.
  • Single or divorced women face disproportionate prejudice and harassment.
  • Intersectionality of identities (gender, ethnicity, class) significantly impacts experiences and outcomes for women.
  • Forced adherence to patriarchal customs and norms by certain ethnic communities further limit women's political participation.

Conclusion

  • Women's agency in Kenyan politics, despite obstacles, is highlighted, with their experiences revealing intersections like gender, ethnicity, class, age, and marital status impacting political inclusion.
  • The study emphasizes nuanced approaches addressing these inequalities and fostering change for women's full political participation.
  • A significant takeaway is that women actively participate in outlining alternative approaches to Kenyan political practices, aiming for a more equitable future.

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Description

This quiz delves into the role of women in political decision-making across Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly highlighting the successes and challenges faced in various countries. It examines the impact of policies like gender quotas and the experiences of Kenyan women in electoral politics, showcasing the progress made and the barriers that remain.

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