Week 11: Social Development

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Questions and Answers

What is the minimum age that Olivia can be if she is racing her friends and claiming to be faster?

7-years-old

2-years-old

3-years-old (correct)

12-years-old

At what age is a child likely to begin developing self-concept?

7-years-old

2-years-old (correct)

4-years-old

Infancy

Which of the following factors influences self-esteem in early childhood?

Parental feedback

Peer acceptance

Personal achievements

All of the above (correct)

At what age do children begin to understand others’ goals and beliefs more comprehensively?

5-years-old Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is most likely to evaluate their peers based on social affiliations?

6 to 7 years old Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants begin to have a limited sense of personal agency?

2 months old Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Mirror Task in assessing self-recognition?

To determine if a baby recognizes themselves Signup and view all the answers

Which stage corresponds with an infant's understanding that 'mom' is a separate entity?

Secondary circular reactions Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences the development of self-esteem in children?

Parental feedback Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants realize they can control objects in their environment?

2 to 4 months Signup and view all the answers

What does self-concept encompass in early childhood?

Perceptions of one's unique attributes Signup and view all the answers

During which emotional development stage does separation anxiety begin to manifest?

7 to 8 months Signup and view all the answers

What is a key outcome for students understanding the concept of self-recognition?

Understanding one's identity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way children aged 3 to 5 describe themselves?

By observable, categorical features. Signup and view all the answers

How do children's self-descriptions typically change from early childhood to middle to late childhood?

They become less focused on physical attributes. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes adolescents' self-descriptions?

Adolescents often experience high levels of self-consciousness. Signup and view all the answers

Why might an 8-month-old child not rub at a smudge on their own cheek when looking in a mirror?

The child is unaware that they are looking at themselves. Signup and view all the answers

What major shift occurs in self-concept during middle to late childhood?

More incorporation of emotional states into self-descriptions. Signup and view all the answers

How does the understanding of self in adolescents differ from that in earlier childhood stages?

Adolescents develop an understanding of the ideal self. Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences success in mirror self-recognition among different cultures?

Cultural norms and practices. Signup and view all the answers

What are achievement attributions?

Causal explanations for success and failure Signup and view all the answers

According to Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT), which two factors primarily influence a child's academic performance?

Expectancy of success and valuation of activity Signup and view all the answers

How do children typically view ability before the age of 7?

As a growth mindset Signup and view all the answers

From which orientation do children typically shift to an entity view of ability between the ages of 8 and 12?

Incremental view Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'locus of causality' in achievement attributions?

The perceived source of success or failure Signup and view all the answers

What causes a shift from a growth mindset to a fixed mindset as children develop?

Differentiation between effort and ability Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of those with a learned-helplessness orientation?

They feel their abilities are unchangeable Signup and view all the answers

What does mirror self-recognition imply about its development across cultures?

It emerges from the understanding of self due to maturation Signup and view all the answers

What is self-esteem primarily based on?

Assessment of qualities identified in self-concept Signup and view all the answers

Which age group begins to seek recognition for their achievements according to the development of achievement motivation?

Toddlers (Age 2) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of securely attached infants in relation to mastery motivation?

They are more eager to apply their competencies to new challenges Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is correlated with better school performance during middle childhood?

Stimulation in the home environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary motivator for infants in the joy of mastery phase?

The mastery motive Signup and view all the answers

How do children aged 3 and older respond to their successes and failures?

With pride and shame based on their evaluations Signup and view all the answers

What type of parenting style is linked to high achievement motivation in children?

Authoritative parenting Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the domain on which individuals base their self-esteem?

Self-Worth Contingency Signup and view all the answers

At what age is there a substantial increase in self-recognition in infants?

18-20 months Signup and view all the answers

What form of self-concept is demonstrated by infants aged 21-24 months?

Self-recognition Signup and view all the answers

What task is used to examine self-recognition in infants apart from the Mirror Self-Recognition task?

Body-as-Obstacle task Signup and view all the answers

What does self-recognition in infants suggest about their emotional development?

They recognize complex emotions Signup and view all the answers

What factor is suggested to NOT significantly influence self-recognition among infants?

Frequency of mirror use Signup and view all the answers

In the Body-as-Obstacle task, what awareness must an infant have to successfully move the blanket?

Awareness of how their body obstructs their goal Signup and view all the answers

What notable difference was found in the study involving different nationalities regarding self-recognition?

Cultural backgrounds do not influence self-recognition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups participated in the self-recognition research?

Scottish, Turkish, and Zambian Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning Outcomes: By the end of class, students should be able to understand the development of the "self," examine self-concept and self-recognition, discuss self-esteem and factors influencing it, explain achievement motivation, review how we understand "others," understand how children describe, understand and evaluate others, and explain how children understand and identify third-party social affiliations.
Understanding the 'Self': This section explores how individuals develop a sense of self.
Developing a Sense of Self: Self-concept is one's perception of unique attributes or traits. Infants develop a sense of self when they realize their bodies are separate from the environment. Development stages are outlined as follows:
- Birth to 2 months: Infants are rudimentary in their sense of self, exercising reflexive schemes and repeating pleasurable acts centered on their bodies.
- 2-4 months: Infants realize they can control objects in their environment, demonstrating personal agency.
- 7 or 8 months: Infants understand that others, like "mom," are separate entities, correlating with the onset of separation anxiety.
Self-Recognition: This is a complex component of self-concept, typically measured using the Mirror Task (or Rouge Test).
- A smudge is placed on a baby's cheek. The baby is placed in front of a mirror.
- Experimenters observe if the baby touches the smudge on their own cheek (signifying self-recognition).
- Research indicates a substantial increase in self-recognition by 18-20 months due to symbolic thinking.
Self-Recognition in Infancy: Mirror Task Research shows a correlation between the end of Piaget's sensorimotor period and self-recognition, where children understand they are seeing an image of themselves in the mirror. This corresponds to complex emotional development and a concept of a self.
Individual Differences in Self-Recognition: Differences aren't solely due to mirror experience, but cultural factors influence self-recognition development. Research indicated that children from varying cultures with minimal mirror exposure and those exposed frequently, demonstrated similar self-recognition timelines. The "Body as an Obstacle Task" is relevant to examining how children understand and use their bodies in relation to goals.
Self-Concept in Early Childhood (3-5 years-old): Children describe themselves using categorical self (classifications like age, sex, and race). They use concrete observable things to describe themselves, often in an exaggerated (positive) manner.
Self-Concept in Middle to Late Childhood (5+ years-old): Descriptions are more internal (including emotions), with more social comparison. Descriptions often rely on social groups and roles (like "best speller" or "on the soccer team").
Self-Concept in Adolescence (11-18 years-old): Self-descriptions become more abstract. Adolescents display heightened self-consciousness, often due to the "imaginary audience." They are actively developing self-understanding, which includes recognizing the difference between their actual and ideal selves.
Concept Checks: These are questions designed to test understanding of concepts discussed.
Self-Esteem: One's self-evaluation of worth as a person, based on assessed qualities of self-concept. The Hierarchical Model of Childhood Self-Esteem, proposed by Harter, identifies that 4-7-year-olds often have an inflated sense of self due to positive evaluations and 8-year-olds' self-evaluations align with how others see them.
Self-Worth Contingency: A domain that influences individuals' self-esteem.
Development of Achievement Motivation: The willingness to succeed in challenging tasks and meet high standards.
- Infancy: Humans are motivated to master their environment.
- Early Childhood (Infancy to age 2): Joy in mastery.
- Early Childhood (Age 2): Approval-seeking, with a need for recognition and anticipation of approval.
- Early Childhood (Age 3+): Use of standards, independently evaluating successes and failures with pride or shame
Achievement Motivation During Middle Childhood: Influences on mastery motivation stem from the home (attachment qualities, stimulating environments), personal motivation to achieve for competency, and authoritative parenting styles that emphasize autonomy but still provide guidance. Peers, cultural values, and society also influence children's views on achievement.
Development of Achievement Attributions: Causal explanations for success and failures in achievement. This shows the locus of causality and stability of attributions. Weiner's theory details different attributions that children make.
Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT): Predicts children's choice and performance. Factors include expectancy of success, value attached to the activity, and their previous achievements.
How Children View Ability: Changes in the perception of ability from an initial growth mindset, to an entity view. A mindset shift from age 7 through 12-years-old, whereby children start distinguishing effort from ability, leading to an entity view of ability.
Dweck's Learned-Helplessness Theory: This theory outlines the different attributions children make when they succeed or fail at a task. In mastery orientation, children attribute success to ability and failure to low effort and in a learned helplessness orientation children attribute success to luck or high effort and failure due to lack of ability.
Review of Concept Checks: Provided to test comprehension.
Upcoming Reminders: Information about upcoming course work, evaluations, and tests.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of social development, focusing on how the 'self' is formed and understood in children. This quiz covers self-concept, self-esteem, and the factors that influence these aspects throughout early development stages. Delve into the ways children perceive and evaluate themselves and others.