Cognitive Appraisal Model Quiz: Coping Techniques & Stress Management

Questions and Answers

What is the primary factor that influences an individual's coping strategies?

Environmental events

Pessimism

Cognitive styles (correct)

Optimism

Why is it mentioned that any environmental event has the potential to be a stressor?

To highlight the randomness of stressors in our lives

To emphasize the importance of cognitive appraisals in stress perception (correct)

To promote external locus of control in managing stress

To discourage individuals from seeking control over their environment

What is the relationship between optimism and coping strategies?

Optimism leads to avoidant coping

Optimists are more likely to engage in positive coping strategies (correct)

Optimism is associated with negative stress outcomes

Optimism has no impact on coping mechanisms

What characterizes individuals with high external locus of control?

They perceive control over events to lie in the external world Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe the nature of optimism and pessimism?

Optimism and pessimism are cognitive styles that can change based on situations Signup and view all the answers

What contributes significantly to an individual's likelihood of using healthy behaviors in managing stress?

Optimism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of self-efficacy, according to Bandura's theory?

Enhancing coping strategies and mediating the negative impact of stress Signup and view all the answers

In the problem-solving style process, what is the stage where individuals choose the solution to be implemented?

Decision-making Signup and view all the answers

Which factor of sense of coherence involves one's ability to emotionally make sense of demands and perceive them as worthwhile investments of one's energy?

Meaningfulness Signup and view all the answers

How does observing role models succeed or fail at a task influence an individual's self-efficacy?

Enhances self-efficacy regarding the task Signup and view all the answers

According to Lazarus, what are the two primary appraisal processes involved in determining how we deal with stress?

Primary appraisal and secondary appraisal Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of perceived support in relation to resilience and coping with stress?

Creates a sense of belonging which enhances resilience Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the cognitive triad in negative thinking patterns?

Always attributing events to external factors Signup and view all the answers

What technique is used in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to challenge dysfunctional automatic thoughts and replace them with healthier patterns?

Cognitive restructuring Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an error in thinking as described in the text?

Conscious rationalization Signup and view all the answers

What is the process involved in Phase 2 of cognitive restructuring?

Recording one's automatic thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Triple Column Method mentioned in the text?

Replacing negative automatic thoughts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Daily Mood Log mentioned in the text?

Recording positive events throughout the day Signup and view all the answers

Which category of coping strategies is most effective in managing the negative emotions caused by a problem?

Emotion-focused coping Signup and view all the answers

According to the goodness of fit hypothesis, which type of coping strategy is most effective when one has low control over a stressor?

Emotion-focused strategies Signup and view all the answers

Which coping strategy involves deliberately waiting until the time is right to act in response to a stressor?

Resistant coping Signup and view all the answers

Which coping strategy involves finding comfort in religion or religious practices when under stress?

Turning to religion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of coping strategy is most effective in finding meaning in one's own life and influencing it?

Meaning-making coping Signup and view all the answers

Which coping strategy involves seeking information, assistance, or advice from others when under stress?

Seeking social support for instrumental reasons Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between learned helplessness and learned optimism in the context of stress?

Learned helplessness is characterized by a passive state where efforts are perceived as not affecting outcomes, while learned optimism is characterized by an active state where efforts are perceived as influencing outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which attributional style is associated with greater vulnerability to life stress?

An attributional style that makes external, stable, and global attributions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three dimensions of explanatory style or attributional style?

Internal-external; stable-unstable; global-specific. Signup and view all the answers

What is the continuum between external locus of control and internal locus of control?

A continuum with external locus of control on one end and internal locus of control on the other, where individuals can score high or low on each depending on how much control they have for events in their lives. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between optimists and pessimists in terms of how they view bad events?

Optimists view bad events as temporary, specific to the situation, and caused by external factors, while pessimists view bad events as enduring, global, and caused by internal factors. Signup and view all the answers

How does having high internal locus of control impact an individual's health?

Having high internal locus of control positively impacts an individual's health by making them do everything in their power to improve their health. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the conceptual educational phase in Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)?

To help clients understand their stress-related problems through collaborative information gathering and presentation Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of attributional retraining aimed at?

Changing attributional explanatory styles to cultivate learned optimism or greater sense of personal control over outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of humor is associated with positive psychological well-being?

Affiliative and self-enhancing humor Signup and view all the answers

How does receiving a cancer diagnosis sometimes lead to self-blame?

By not taking responsibility for one's objective acts of wrongdoing Signup and view all the answers

What role does oxytocin play in stress relief when interacting with pets?

Oxytocin plays a role in stress relief by enhancing affiliative process and social bonding in women when interacting with their dogs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of humor is associated with negative psychological well-being?

Self-defeating humor Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the skills acquisition and skills consolidation phase in SIT?

To develop coping skills for dealing with target stressors, such as cognitive restructuring and emotion-focused coping Signup and view all the answers

What is overgeneralization in the context of coping with stress?

Attributing performance on one task as an indicator of overall competence or incompetence Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding regarding stress reactivity in the study?

Therapy Dog group displayed a lower increase in pulse compared to the Control group Signup and view all the answers

What was one area in which the Therapy Dog and Control groups differed at baseline?

Conscientiousness Signup and view all the answers

Which measure was used to define stress reactivity in the study?

Change in stress response from pre- to post-stressor Signup and view all the answers

What did the analysis reveal about EDA changes between the Therapy Dog and Control groups?

Control group had a significantly higher increase in EDA compared to the Therapy Dog group Signup and view all the answers

Which group showed a statistically significant difference in stress reactivity as per the study results?

The Therapy Dog group showed lower stress reactivity than the Control group Signup and view all the answers

What physiological measure showed a significant difference between the Therapy Dog and Control groups?

Electrodermal activity (EDA) Signup and view all the answers

Which study found that the use of values, beliefs, and goals is a common coping strategy when managing stressful situations?

Folkman & Moskowitz Signup and view all the answers

Which study established the continuum between external locus of control and internal locus of control?

Rotter Signup and view all the answers

Which research found that learned optimism can reduce the impact of negative life events compared to learned helplessness?

Seligman Signup and view all the answers

Which study examined the role of perceived support in relation to resilience and coping with stress?

Folkman, Lazarus, Dunkel-Schetter, DeLongis, & Gruen Signup and view all the answers

Which research found that high internal locus of control significantly impacts an individual's health?

Rotter Signup and view all the answers

Which study found that exposure to role models succeeding or failing at a task influences an individual's self-efficacy?

Bandura Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following studies was NOT randomized to test the effects of Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)?

N= 220 college students from 8 different universities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following outcome measures was NOT included in the study of Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)?

Depression (BDI) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a phase of the Penn Optimism Program?

Evaluation and refinement phase Signup and view all the answers

In which study was Attributional Retraining (AR) NOT associated with modest improvements in academic performance?

N= 200 adult learners Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a component of Attribution Retraining (AR)?

Fostering a growth mindset and resilience Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a dimension of explanatory style or attributional style?

Positive/negative Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Locus of Control and Stress

Having a high internal locus of control is a protective factor against stress, as it allows individuals to perceive themselves as being in control of their lives.
Individuals with a high internal locus of control are more likely to engage in healthy behaviors and have a positive impact on their health.
On the other hand, individuals with a high external locus of control believe that events are outside of their control and are more likely to experience stress.

Attributional Style and Stress

Attributional style refers to the patterns of causal inferences individuals make about why things happen to them.
Optimists attribute bad events to temporary, specific, and external factors, while pessimists attribute them to enduring, global, and internal factors.
Individuals with a pessimistic attributional style are more vulnerable to stress and are more likely to experience negative outcomes.

Cognitive Appraisal and Coping

Cognitive appraisal is the process of evaluating and making sense of a stressor.
Individuals with a positive problem-solving style are more resistant to stress and are better able to cope with stressors.
Problem-solving style involves identifying effective strategies for coping with stress, including problem-orientation, problem definition, generation of alternative solutions, decision-making, and solution implementation.

Perceived Support and Resilience

Perceived support is central to one's cognitive appraisal and is related to resilience, self-efficacy, optimism, and hope.
Perceived support creates a sense of belonging, which is central to resilience and coping with stress.

Sense of Coherence and Coping

Sense of coherence refers to one's worldview, which is comprised of three integrated factors: comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness.
Individuals with a strong sense of coherence are better able to cope with stress and are more likely to experience positive outcomes.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

CBT is a technique used to manage stress effectively by challenging dysfunctional automatic thoughts, assumptions, and beliefs and replacing them with healthier, realistic thinking patterns.
Cognitive restructuring is a key component of CBT, which involves identifying, challenging, and replacing negative automatic thoughts.

Coping Strategies

Coping strategies can be divided into four major categories: problem-focused, emotion-focused, social support, and meaning-making.
Problem-focused coping involves dealing with the perceived cause of distress, while emotion-focused coping involves managing the distress caused by the problem.
Social support coping involves seeking social support, while meaning-making coping involves using one's values, beliefs, and goals to shape meaning in stressful situations.

Types of Coping Strategies

Problem-focused coping strategies include active coping, planning, and resistant coping.
Emotion-focused coping strategies include denial, mental disengagement, alcohol-drug disengagement, and focus on and venting emotions.
Social support coping strategies include seeking social support for instrumental and emotional reasons.
Meaning-making coping strategies include positive reinterpretation and growth, acceptance, and turning to religion.### Stress Management and Coping
Overgeneralization: a cognitive distortion where individuals overestimate their cleverness based on performance on one task.

Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)

A cognitive-behavior modification training program to prepare individuals for stressful future encounters or treat current excess stress.
Consists of three phases:
Conceptual educational phase: helps clients understand their stress-related problems through collecting information and presenting it back to them in a collaborative manner.
Skills acquisition and skills consolidation phase: developing coping skills for dealing with target stressors (e.g., cognitive restructuring, social support, emotion-focused coping, education).
Application and follow-through phase: practicing to apply these skills during increasing levels of stress (e.g., role-playing).

Attributional Retraining and Learned Optimism

Attributional retraining: programs designed to change attributional explanatory styles to cultivate learned optimism or greater sense of personal control over outcomes.
Learned optimism: cultivating positive expectations when seeing connections between one's efforts and outcomes.
Associated with modest improvements in academic performance.

Self-Forgiveness

Process of letting go of a desire to punish, retaliate, or act destructively toward oneself due to one's actions.
Receiving a cancer diagnosis can lead to self-blame, which is associated with greater distress, mood disturbances, and lower quality of life.

Humor

Reframes the problem in a way to make the stress feel lighter, creating positive affect, emotional distance, and a new perspective.
Coping humor is associated with high levels of self-esteem, perceived competency, and positive affect.

Pets offer nonevaluative social support, which can help in stress relief, especially for women when interacting with their dogs.
Interacting with a therapy dog has been shown to decrease depression in undergraduate students and to lower stress hormones and blood pressure in healthy adults.

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Description

Explore the theory and practice of coping techniques, focusing on the importance of cognitive appraisal. Learn how coping strategies with stress are influenced by cognitive styles and why individual appraisal is crucial in the stress process. Understand how perception of controllability impacts coping mechanisms.

Week 10: Coping Techniques & Cognitive Appraisal