Viral Transmission and Cell Migration Quiz

What does viral tropism refer to?

The ability of a virus to enter and replicate within specific cell types or tissues

Which term describes the amount of virus present in the blood plasma?

Viral load

What does persistent infection refer to?

An infection that the host is unable to clear

What are defense mechanisms to viral infections primarily composed of?

Physical and chemical barriers as well as symbiotic barriers Signup and view all the answers

What do methods to determine viral virulence describe?

The pathogenicity or virulence of a virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an infection characterized by the presence of a dormant viral genome and the potential to reactivate and produce virions?

Latent infection Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the decrease in virulence or ability to cause harm in a virus due to mutations in the viral genome?

Virus restriction Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the host cells and tissues that a virus is able to infect, determining the pathology and point of entry for viral replication?

Tissue tropism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for genes that an organism (virus) cannot live without?

Essential genes Signup and view all the answers

What do we call a long-term infection in which the virus remains present in the body?

Persistent infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of deterioration of factors that guard against disease?

Easier infection and exacerbation of existing disease Signup and view all the answers

What are permissive cells?

Cells that support viral replication and production Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between acute and cyclic viral infections?

Acute infections have a rapid onset and resolution, while cyclic infections involve latent periods and recurring disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a common strategy used by viruses to achieve high yields?

Modulating host defense mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of viroceptors?

Aiding in viral spread and transmission Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a specific immune response that targets a particular viral pathogen to eliminate it?

Adaptive Immune Response Signup and view all the answers

How are vertically transmitted viruses passed from a pregnant mother to her fetus or newborn?

Through breast milk Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of cell-to-cell membrane fusion, leading to the formation of multinucleated giant cells, characteristic of several viral infections?

Syncytia Formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for viruses that do not have an envelope and can cause disease by destroying infected tissue, leading to self-limited or self-limiting diseases?

Naked Viruses Signup and view all the answers

How does a virus like Rhinovirus cause the common cold?

By eliciting a strong host immune response which leads to increased inflammation and respiratory symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transmission involves the spread of viruses from a pregnant mother to her child?

Pregnancy-related Transmission Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?

Preventing access to the central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is known for incorporating host molecules into its membrane, potentially increasing infectivity and virulence?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of antigenic drift in viruses?

Leading to the emergence of new strains within a population of hosts Signup and view all the answers

How do viruses evade host immune responses by producing 'decoy' MHC molecules?

MHC inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of a latent infection?

Presence of a dormant viral genome and the potential for reactivation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of immune responses in viral disease?

Immune responses can both limit disease and contribute to disease through immunopathogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What are some characteristic signs of a symptomatic viral infection?

Respiratory illnesses, hepatitis, skin infections, etc. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during viral clearance?

The host's immune system clears the virus, leading to the resolution of acute disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOI (Multiplicity of Infection) of a virus?

The number of infectious viral particles added per target cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the spread of a virus throughout the entire body through the circulatory system?

Systemic Spread Signup and view all the answers

How do viruses like RSV and influenza cause respiratory diseases?

By increasing inflammation and tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

What is bone marrow suppression?

A decrease in blood cell production due to virus-induced cell death or altered immune activity within the bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for aggregations of viral particles (mostly capsids) in the nucleus of infected cells?

Inclusion Bodies Signup and view all the answers

How do commensal or mutualistic microorganisms interfere with viral infections?

By modifying pH levels or producing microbial inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What type of viruses can cause disease by either causing cell lysis or leading to persistent infections?

Enveloped Viruses Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is known as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)?

Human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5) Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus is a neurotropic virus that enters nerve cells through neuromuscular junctions and replicates in nerve cells?

Rabies Virus Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'sharp turns in air passages and nasal turbinates'?

A mechanism that produces a mucus layer to trap particles and epithelial ciliated cells. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when viruses like RSV and influenza cause respiratory diseases?

They cause viral destruction of tissue and increase inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for an infection characterized by the presence of a dormant viral genome and the potential to reactivate and produce virions?

Latent infection Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the host cells and tissues that a virus is able to infect, determining the pathology and point of entry for viral replication?

Tissue tropism Signup and view all the answers

What is the steady state of viral load that a body reaches within a few weeks or months after infection called?

Viral set point Signup and view all the answers

What are genes that an organism (virus) cannot live without called?

Essential genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the decrease in virulence or ability to cause harm in a virus due to mutations in the viral genome called?

Virus restriction Signup and view all the answers

What does viral tropism refer to?

The ability of a virus to enter and replicate within specific cell types or tissues Signup and view all the answers

What are defense mechanisms to viral infections primarily composed of?

Physical and chemical barriers Signup and view all the answers

What does persistent infection refer to?

An infection that the host is unable to clear, usually following an acute stage Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'sharp turns in air passages and nasal turbinates'?

Physical barriers that act as the innate defense against viral infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of immune responses in viral disease?

To clear or control a viral infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for viruses that do not have an envelope and can cause disease by destroying infected tissue?

Naked viruses Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the site through which a virus enters the host's body?

Portal of Entry Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which mutations are naturally introduced in viruses, such as RNA viruses, due to the quasi-inexistent proofreading capacity of viral polymerases?

Drift Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transmission involves the spread of viruses through ingestion of contaminated food or water, or contact with infected fecal matter?

Gastrointestinal Transmission Signup and view all the answers

What are vertically transmitted viruses that are passed from a pregnant mother to her fetus or newborn during childbirth or through breast milk called?

Perinatal transmission viruses Signup and view all the answers

What are permissive cells?

Cells that are able to support viral replication and production Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of antigenic drift in viruses?

Gradual changes in the viral surface proteins Signup and view all the answers

What happens during viral clearance?

Clearing of the virus by the host's immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of viroceptors?

To sequester host-derived cytokines and chemokines Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the decrease in virulence or ability to cause harm in a virus?

Attenuation Signup and view all the answers

What type of viral infection involves a long incubation period before symptoms appear, often followed by a rapid death?

Slow infection Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the number of virions that enter the body during an infection?

Virus inoculum Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a viral infection that leads to the production of progeny virions?

Productive infection Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the prodromal phase of disease?

Symptoms present with nonspecific symptoms such as fever, malaise, and aches Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between persistence and recurrence of infections?

Recurrence occurs after periods of latency or dormancy, while persistence involves continuous or intermittent multiplication of the pathogen Signup and view all the answers

Which barrier prevents viruses from entering the central nervous system?

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism utilized by viruses to evade natural killer (NK) cell response?

Production of 'decoy' MHC molecules Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process by which viruses modify the antigenicity of viral epitopes to evade host immune responses?

Antigenic variation Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is known for causing skin lesions and resulting from viral activity in the cytoplasm, cell lysis, and syncytium formation?

Herpesviruses Signup and view all the answers

What is the process where viruses selectively infect certain tissues or organs within the host, often due to the sites being immune-privileged and thus avoiding immune responses?

Tissue Tropism Signup and view all the answers

How do respiratory diseases caused by viruses like RSV and influenza occur?

By viral destruction of tissue and the host's immune response which leads to increased inflammation and tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

What does bone marrow suppression refer to?

A decrease in the production of blood cells due to virus-induced cell death or altered immune activity within the bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of enveloped viruses?

They have an envelope and can cause disease by either causing cell lysis or leading to persistent infections Signup and view all the answers

How do viruses like Rabies Virus enter nerve cells?

Through neuromuscular junctions Signup and view all the answers

What are inclusion bodies in the context of viral infections?

Aggregations of viral particles in the nucleus of infected cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative name for Human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5)?

Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a decrease in virulence or ability to cause harm in a virus due to mutations in the viral genome?

'Antigenic Drift' Signup and view all the answers

How do commensal or mutualistic microorganisms interfere with viral infections?

By altering pH levels and producing microbial inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'sharp turns in air passages and nasal turbinates'?

Formation of a mucus layer trapping particles and epithelial ciliated cells Signup and view all the answers

What is systemic spread in the context of viral infections?

Spread of a virus throughout the entire body through the circulatory system Signup and view all the answers

Viral Transmission and Cell Migration Quiz

Questions and Answers

What does viral tropism refer to?

Which term describes the amount of virus present in the blood plasma?

What does persistent infection refer to?

What are defense mechanisms to viral infections primarily composed of?

What do methods to determine viral virulence describe?

What is the term for an infection characterized by the presence of a dormant viral genome and the potential to reactivate and produce virions?

What do we call the decrease in virulence or ability to cause harm in a virus due to mutations in the viral genome?

Which term refers to the host cells and tissues that a virus is able to infect, determining the pathology and point of entry for viral replication?

What is the term for genes that an organism (virus) cannot live without?

What do we call a long-term infection in which the virus remains present in the body?

What is the consequence of deterioration of factors that guard against disease?

What are permissive cells?

What is the difference between acute and cyclic viral infections?

What is a common strategy used by viruses to achieve high yields?

What is the function of viroceptors?

What is the term for a specific immune response that targets a particular viral pathogen to eliminate it?

How are vertically transmitted viruses passed from a pregnant mother to her fetus or newborn?

What is the process of cell-to-cell membrane fusion, leading to the formation of multinucleated giant cells, characteristic of several viral infections?

What is the term for viruses that do not have an envelope and can cause disease by destroying infected tissue, leading to self-limited or self-limiting diseases?

How does a virus like Rhinovirus cause the common cold?

Which type of transmission involves the spread of viruses from a pregnant mother to her child?

What is the main function of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?

Which virus is known for incorporating host molecules into its membrane, potentially increasing infectivity and virulence?

What is the main characteristic of antigenic drift in viruses?

How do viruses evade host immune responses by producing 'decoy' MHC molecules?

What is the characteristic feature of a latent infection?

What is the role of immune responses in viral disease?

What are some characteristic signs of a symptomatic viral infection?

What happens during viral clearance?

What is the MOI (Multiplicity of Infection) of a virus?

What is the term used to describe the spread of a virus throughout the entire body through the circulatory system?

How do viruses like RSV and influenza cause respiratory diseases?

What is bone marrow suppression?

What is the term used for aggregations of viral particles (mostly capsids) in the nucleus of infected cells?

How do commensal or mutualistic microorganisms interfere with viral infections?

What type of viruses can cause disease by either causing cell lysis or leading to persistent infections?

Which virus is known as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)?

What type of virus is a neurotropic virus that enters nerve cells through neuromuscular junctions and replicates in nerve cells?

What is meant by 'sharp turns in air passages and nasal turbinates'?

What happens when viruses like RSV and influenza cause respiratory diseases?

What is the term used for an infection characterized by the presence of a dormant viral genome and the potential to reactivate and produce virions?

Which term refers to the host cells and tissues that a virus is able to infect, determining the pathology and point of entry for viral replication?

What is the steady state of viral load that a body reaches within a few weeks or months after infection called?

What are genes that an organism (virus) cannot live without called?

What is the decrease in virulence or ability to cause harm in a virus due to mutations in the viral genome called?

What does viral tropism refer to?

What are defense mechanisms to viral infections primarily composed of?

What does persistent infection refer to?

What is meant by 'sharp turns in air passages and nasal turbinates'?

What is the role of immune responses in viral disease?

What is the term for viruses that do not have an envelope and can cause disease by destroying infected tissue?

What term refers to the site through which a virus enters the host's body?

What is the process by which mutations are naturally introduced in viruses, such as RNA viruses, due to the quasi-inexistent proofreading capacity of viral polymerases?

Which type of transmission involves the spread of viruses through ingestion of contaminated food or water, or contact with infected fecal matter?

What are vertically transmitted viruses that are passed from a pregnant mother to her fetus or newborn during childbirth or through breast milk called?

What are permissive cells?

What is the main characteristic of antigenic drift in viruses?

What happens during viral clearance?

What is the function of viroceptors?

What do we call the decrease in virulence or ability to cause harm in a virus?

What type of viral infection involves a long incubation period before symptoms appear, often followed by a rapid death?

What do we call the number of virions that enter the body during an infection?

What is the characteristic of a viral infection that leads to the production of progeny virions?

What happens during the prodromal phase of disease?

What is the difference between persistence and recurrence of infections?

Which barrier prevents viruses from entering the central nervous system?

What is the main mechanism utilized by viruses to evade natural killer (NK) cell response?

What term describes the process by which viruses modify the antigenicity of viral epitopes to evade host immune responses?

Which virus is known for causing skin lesions and resulting from viral activity in the cytoplasm, cell lysis, and syncytium formation?

What is the process where viruses selectively infect certain tissues or organs within the host, often due to the sites being immune-privileged and thus avoiding immune responses?

How do respiratory diseases caused by viruses like RSV and influenza occur?

What does bone marrow suppression refer to?

What is the characteristic feature of enveloped viruses?

How do viruses like Rabies Virus enter nerve cells?

What are inclusion bodies in the context of viral infections?

What is the alternative name for Human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5)?

What is the term for a decrease in virulence or ability to cause harm in a virus due to mutations in the viral genome?

How do commensal or mutualistic microorganisms interfere with viral infections?