Viral Transmission and Cell Migration Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does viral tropism refer to?

  • The amount of virus present in the blood plasma
  • The combination of damage produced by the virus and the immune response
  • The overall immune response to a virus
  • The ability of a virus to enter and replicate within specific cell types or tissues (correct)

    • Which term describes the amount of virus present in the blood plasma?

  • LD50, PD50, ID50, TCID50
  • Persistent infection
  • Invasiveness
  • Viral load (correct)

    • What does persistent infection refer to?

  • The ability of a virus to enter and cause damage to a tissue
  • The combined activity of both innate and acquired immune defenses to clear or control a viral infection
  • The amount of virus present in the blood plasma
  • An infection that the host is unable to clear (correct)

    • What are defense mechanisms to viral infections primarily composed of?

    <p>Physical and chemical barriers as well as symbiotic barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do methods to determine viral virulence describe?

    <p>The pathogenicity or virulence of a virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an infection characterized by the presence of a dormant viral genome and the potential to reactivate and produce virions?

    <p>Latent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we call the decrease in virulence or ability to cause harm in a virus due to mutations in the viral genome?

    <p>Virus restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the host cells and tissues that a virus is able to infect, determining the pathology and point of entry for viral replication?

    <p>Tissue tropism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for genes that an organism (virus) cannot live without?

    <p>Essential genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we call a long-term infection in which the virus remains present in the body?

    <p>Persistent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of deterioration of factors that guard against disease?

    <p>Easier infection and exacerbation of existing disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are permissive cells?

    <p>Cells that support viral replication and production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between acute and cyclic viral infections?

    <p>Acute infections have a rapid onset and resolution, while cyclic infections involve latent periods and recurring disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common strategy used by viruses to achieve high yields?

    <p>Modulating host defense mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of viroceptors?

    <p>Aiding in viral spread and transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a specific immune response that targets a particular viral pathogen to eliminate it?

    <p>Adaptive Immune Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are vertically transmitted viruses passed from a pregnant mother to her fetus or newborn?

    <p>Through breast milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of cell-to-cell membrane fusion, leading to the formation of multinucleated giant cells, characteristic of several viral infections?

    <p>Syncytia Formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for viruses that do not have an envelope and can cause disease by destroying infected tissue, leading to self-limited or self-limiting diseases?

    <p>Naked Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a virus like Rhinovirus cause the common cold?

    <p>By eliciting a strong host immune response which leads to increased inflammation and respiratory symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transmission involves the spread of viruses from a pregnant mother to her child?

    <p>Pregnancy-related Transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?

    <p>Preventing access to the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is known for incorporating host molecules into its membrane, potentially increasing infectivity and virulence?

    <p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of antigenic drift in viruses?

    <p>Leading to the emergence of new strains within a population of hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do viruses evade host immune responses by producing 'decoy' MHC molecules?

    <p>MHC inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of a latent infection?

    <p>Presence of a dormant viral genome and the potential for reactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of immune responses in viral disease?

    <p>Immune responses can both limit disease and contribute to disease through immunopathogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some characteristic signs of a symptomatic viral infection?

    <p>Respiratory illnesses, hepatitis, skin infections, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during viral clearance?

    <p>The host's immune system clears the virus, leading to the resolution of acute disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MOI (Multiplicity of Infection) of a virus?

    <p>The number of infectious viral particles added per target cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the spread of a virus throughout the entire body through the circulatory system?

    <p>Systemic Spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do viruses like RSV and influenza cause respiratory diseases?

    <p>By increasing inflammation and tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bone marrow suppression?

    <p>A decrease in blood cell production due to virus-induced cell death or altered immune activity within the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for aggregations of viral particles (mostly capsids) in the nucleus of infected cells?

    <p>Inclusion Bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do commensal or mutualistic microorganisms interfere with viral infections?

    <p>By modifying pH levels or producing microbial inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of viruses can cause disease by either causing cell lysis or leading to persistent infections?

    <p>Enveloped Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is known as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)?

    <p>Human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of virus is a neurotropic virus that enters nerve cells through neuromuscular junctions and replicates in nerve cells?

    <p>Rabies Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'sharp turns in air passages and nasal turbinates'?

    <p>A mechanism that produces a mucus layer to trap particles and epithelial ciliated cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when viruses like RSV and influenza cause respiratory diseases?

    <p>They cause viral destruction of tissue and increase inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for an infection characterized by the presence of a dormant viral genome and the potential to reactivate and produce virions?

    <p>Latent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the host cells and tissues that a virus is able to infect, determining the pathology and point of entry for viral replication?

    <p>Tissue tropism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the steady state of viral load that a body reaches within a few weeks or months after infection called?

    <p>Viral set point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are genes that an organism (virus) cannot live without called?

    <p>Essential genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the decrease in virulence or ability to cause harm in a virus due to mutations in the viral genome called?

    <p>Virus restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does viral tropism refer to?

    <p>The ability of a virus to enter and replicate within specific cell types or tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are defense mechanisms to viral infections primarily composed of?

    <p>Physical and chemical barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does persistent infection refer to?

    <p>An infection that the host is unable to clear, usually following an acute stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'sharp turns in air passages and nasal turbinates'?

    <p>Physical barriers that act as the innate defense against viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of immune responses in viral disease?

    <p>To clear or control a viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for viruses that do not have an envelope and can cause disease by destroying infected tissue?

    <p>Naked viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the site through which a virus enters the host's body?

    <p>Portal of Entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which mutations are naturally introduced in viruses, such as RNA viruses, due to the quasi-inexistent proofreading capacity of viral polymerases?

    <p>Drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transmission involves the spread of viruses through ingestion of contaminated food or water, or contact with infected fecal matter?

    <p>Gastrointestinal Transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are vertically transmitted viruses that are passed from a pregnant mother to her fetus or newborn during childbirth or through breast milk called?

    <p>Perinatal transmission viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are permissive cells?

    <p>Cells that are able to support viral replication and production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of antigenic drift in viruses?

    <p>Gradual changes in the viral surface proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during viral clearance?

    <p>Clearing of the virus by the host's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of viroceptors?

    <p>To sequester host-derived cytokines and chemokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we call the decrease in virulence or ability to cause harm in a virus?

    <p>Attenuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of viral infection involves a long incubation period before symptoms appear, often followed by a rapid death?

    <p>Slow infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we call the number of virions that enter the body during an infection?

    <p>Virus inoculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a viral infection that leads to the production of progeny virions?

    <p>Productive infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the prodromal phase of disease?

    <p>Symptoms present with nonspecific symptoms such as fever, malaise, and aches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between persistence and recurrence of infections?

    <p>Recurrence occurs after periods of latency or dormancy, while persistence involves continuous or intermittent multiplication of the pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which barrier prevents viruses from entering the central nervous system?

    <p>Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism utilized by viruses to evade natural killer (NK) cell response?

    <p>Production of 'decoy' MHC molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the process by which viruses modify the antigenicity of viral epitopes to evade host immune responses?

    <p>Antigenic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is known for causing skin lesions and resulting from viral activity in the cytoplasm, cell lysis, and syncytium formation?

    <p>Herpesviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where viruses selectively infect certain tissues or organs within the host, often due to the sites being immune-privileged and thus avoiding immune responses?

    <p>Tissue Tropism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do respiratory diseases caused by viruses like RSV and influenza occur?

    <p>By viral destruction of tissue and the host's immune response which leads to increased inflammation and tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does bone marrow suppression refer to?

    <p>A decrease in the production of blood cells due to virus-induced cell death or altered immune activity within the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of enveloped viruses?

    <p>They have an envelope and can cause disease by either causing cell lysis or leading to persistent infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do viruses like Rabies Virus enter nerve cells?

    <p>Through neuromuscular junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are inclusion bodies in the context of viral infections?

    <p>Aggregations of viral particles in the nucleus of infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative name for Human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5)?

    <p>Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a decrease in virulence or ability to cause harm in a virus due to mutations in the viral genome?

    <p>'Antigenic Drift'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do commensal or mutualistic microorganisms interfere with viral infections?

    <p>By altering pH levels and producing microbial inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'sharp turns in air passages and nasal turbinates'?

    <p>Formation of a mucus layer trapping particles and epithelial ciliated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is systemic spread in the context of viral infections?

    <p>Spread of a virus throughout the entire body through the circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

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