Viral Transmission and Entry

Which step is not involved in viral pathogenesis?

What does viral shedding pertain to in viral pathogenesis?

What does it mean if a strain of a virus is more virulent than another strain?

What is the difference between viral virulence in intact animals and cytopathogenicity for cultured cells?

When does viral shedding usually occur in viral pathogenesis?

Which of the following is NOT a virus-encoded mechanism for modulation of NK cell activity?

Which pathway does NOT activate the complement system?

What is the main focus of B lymphocytes in the immune response?

What is the role of T lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity?

Which cells have inhibitory and activating receptors to monitor the presence of viral infection?

What is the process that occurs when interferons are released and bind to IFNAR receptors?

Which type of IFNs induce local signaling system and help to establish antiviral response?

What is the role of 2’,5’-oligo A synthetase activated by dsRNA?

What is the effect of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α in response to viral infection?

Which proteins are part of the innate immune response and activate the adaptive immune response?

Which type of infection occurs when a virus crosses the placenta during pregnancy?

What is the main route for viral spread in the body?

Which type of cells can be used by the virus to enter organs through transcytosis?

What determines the pattern of systemic illness during a viral infection?

How do viruses like HPV access the body?

Which type of immune response does the host's recognition of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) activate?

What is the function of cytoplasmic RNA helicase MDA5 in the host immune response to viral infections?

How does the rabies virus evade the immune response and enter the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

What type of viral spread occurs through lytic and lysogenic responses during replication?

What is the role of protein kinase R (PKR) in the host immune response to viral infections?

Which type of transmission involves the transmission of virions in respiratory droplets?

Which part of the body is the most common portal of entry for viruses into the human body?

Which type of cells are less abundant in the lower respiratory tract compared to the upper respiratory tract?

Which specialized cells play roles in immune surveillance and defense in the gastrointestinal tract?

Which type of viruses contain capsid proteins that are not denatured by low pH?

What is the term for the time at which an infected individual is infectious to contacts?

Which term refers to a virus being pathogenic for a particular host if it can infect and cause signs of disease in that host?

What does the term 'cytopathogenicity' for cultured cells refer to?

Which step in viral pathogenesis involves the entry and primary replication of the virus?

What is the term for the last stage in viral pathogenesis, representing the time at which an infected individual is infectious to contacts?

Which enzyme dephosphorylates the Phosphate group of specific MAMPS recognized by the card domain?

What is the role of TRIM25 and Riplet in the ubiquitination process of CARD domains?

What is the function of MAVS in the context of ubiquitinated CARD domains?

What is the consequence of IKK homodimerization and phosphorylation of IKB?

What activates the IRF by phosphorylating and stabilizing them?

Which pathway does NOT activate the complement system?

Which type of cells mediate humoral immunity in the immune response?

What is the role of MHC I on a normal cell in relation to NK cells?

What is the main focus of T lymphocytes in the immune response?

Which type of cells can monitor the presence of viral infection via uptake of apoptotic bodies of infected cells?

Which type of cells are used by the virus to enter organs through transcytosis?

What is the main route for viral spread in the body?

What is the difference between transplacental infection and perinatal infection?

What determines the pattern of systemic illness during a viral infection?

How do viruses like HPV access the body?

Which of the following is an example of direct transmission of a virus?

What is the role of neuraminidase in the entry of the influenza virus into the human body?

Which part of the body provides a large surface area for virus interaction, making it the most common portal of entry for viruses into the human body?

What is the function of mucus-secreting goblet cells in the respiratory tract?

What must viruses entering via the gastrointestinal tract be resistant to in order to successfully survive and replicate in the immune cells?

Which type of receptors recognize MAMPs and activate transcription factors to promote the expression of IFNs and inflammatory cytokines?

What is the function of cytoplasmic RNA helicase RIG-1 in the host immune response to viral infections?

What is the main route for viral spread from one organism to another?

Which step is involved in the intrinsic immune response to a pathogen?

What type of immune response does the immune system mount in response to viral infections?

Viral pathogenesis refers to how a virus causes a ______

A strain of a certain virus is more ______ than another strain if it commonly produces more severe disease in a susceptible host

Viral shedding pertains to the shedding of infectious virus into the environment, which is the ______ stage in viral pathogenesis

Viral shedding usually occurs from the body surfaces involved in viral entry and occurs at different stages of disease depending on the particular ______ involved

A virus is pathogenic for a particular host if it can infect and cause signs of ______ in that host

NK cells release enzymes that will induce a caspase signalling cascade and induce cell death to ______ cell

3 pathways activating complement system: classical, lactin, and alternative ______

The Complement System is composed of serum proteins that form a cascade ultimately resulting in the enhancement of ______ response

macrophages, dendritic cells) are ______

B lymphocytes - mediates humoral immunity; focuses on eradicating virus particles via ______, release antibodies

Direct transmission includes transfer of the virus by direct contact or droplet spread, with direct contact involving skin-to-skin contact, sexual intercourse, or kissing, and droplet spread involving the transmission of virions in respiratory ______.

The respiratory tract is the most common portal of entry for viruses into the human body, with the mucosal surfaces providing a large surface area for virus ______.

Influenza virus is an example of a virus that enters via the respiratory tract, developing ways to overcome the host’s defenses and utilizing neuraminidase to cleave sialic acid for ______.

The upper respiratory tract contains abundant goblet cells that produce mucus, serving as a physical and chemical barrier and lined with cilia that move to push mucus and trapped contents to the ______.

Viruses entering via the gastrointestinal tract must be resistant to the low pH, bile, and enzymes present in the hostile environment, with successful viruses being able to survive and replicate in the immune ______.

Host Immune Response and Viral Spread1. The immune system responds to viral infections through ______ (nonspecific) and Adaptive (specific) immune responses.

Intrinsic cell response to MAMPs involves recognition of specific macromolecules shared among microorganisms, such as dsRNA, peptidoglycan, LPS, and ______.

Protein kinase R (PKR) serves as a sensor for viral dsRNA and inhibits cap-dependent translation by ______.

Host receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs), recognize MAMPs and activate transcription factors to promote the expression of ______ and inflammatory cytokines.

Viral spread occurs through Lytic and Lysogenic response during replication, with defense mechanisms inhibiting virus ______.

Viral spread in the body occurs via the bloodstream or ______ (viremia) and neural spread through neurons.

Many viruses produce disease at sites distant from their entry point by disseminating within the ______.

Capillary epithelial cells with sinusoids/fenestrations can be used by the virus to enter organs through ______ or replicate inside the cells.

Congenital infections occur when a virus crosses the placenta during ______, leading to long-term virus persistence in the child.

HIV is more likely transmitted in male-female than ______ sexual contact.

RIG1, MDA5, cGAS, TLR, TRIF, and Myd88 activate ______ and IRF which induce expression of interferons (type I)

Interferons when transcribed and released, they bind to interferon receptors which induce transcription of ______; positive feedback

Once it recognizes dsRNA, PKR phosphorylates eiF2-GDP but not where it is supposed to be. This inhibits GDP to become GTP. This inhibits ______

When interferons are released, they bind to IFNAR receptors which will activate ______ pathway

Jak and Tyk can autophosphorylate each other’s tyrosines. They phosphorylate and activate Stat protein which activates IRF. IRF binds to ISRE (IFN-sensitive response element) that will induce expression of more ______ or other genes like PKR