Viral Transmission and Pathogenesis

Viral pathogenesis refers to how viruses cause _______________ within a host.

For a virus to initiate a successful infection, sufficient numbers of _______________ must enter the host.

The affinity for susceptible tissues is known as _______________.

The most common portal of entry for viruses is the _______________ tract.

Alveolar _______________ are immune system cells that are specialized in phagocytosis.

Ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract display receptors for respiratory viruses, such as _______________ or rhinovirus.

The small intestine contains M (microfold) cells, goblet cells, and glands that secrete _______________.

Peyer’s patches contain millions of antibody-secreting _______________ (of the IgA antibody variety).

The membrane envelopes of most enveloped viruses are disintegrated by ______.

Acid-labile viruses are unable to withstand the low pH of the ______.

Viruses can be transmitted from mother to child in ______ milk.

The flow of fluid over the skin makes viral attachment difficult due to the presence of ______.

HPV can gain access through small cuts or ______ in the skin.

Tears function by washing away any potential ______.

Infection of the cornea can occur with ______ simplex virus (HSV).

Viral conjunctivitis, also known as “pink eye,” is usually caused by ______.

Viruses that infect and replicate only within cells at the site of infection cause ______ infections.

Congenital infections occur when a mother infects a ______ before its birth.

Rhinovirus infects the epithelial cells of the upper ______ tract and replicates there.

Horizontal transmission, meaning that direct ______-to-host transmission occurs.

Vertical transmission of HIV most often occurs by ______ transmission, although breastfeeding can also transmit the virus via the gastrointestinal tract.

Several viruses can be transmitted through ______, including hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus.

Herpesviruses, which remain in tissues or cells in a dormant state after infecting a healthy host, are common viral pathogens in ______.

Shows ______, the inflammation of the conjunctiva, caused by accidental infection with vaccinia.

A host typically goes through four stages of disease development when it is infected with a ______.

The time between when the ______ initially infects the host and when symptoms appear is called the incubation period.

The rhinovirus, a cause of the common cold, has an incubation period of about ______ days.

During the prodromal period, nonspecific, mild symptoms such as ______, muscle aches, or a low-grade fever may occur.

The ______ period occurs when specific symptoms of the disease occur.

The symptoms of the disease subside as the host begins feeling better, having entered into the ______ period.

Rhinovirus has an incubation period of approximately _______________ hours.

Influenza A virus has a period of communicability from _______________ hours before to 5-10 days after symptoms begin.

Variola virus, also known as _______________, has a period of communicability from 24 hours before fever begins until disappearance of all scabs.

Ebola virus has an incubation period of approximately _______________ days.

Measles virus has a period of communicability from _______________ days before to four days after onset of rash.

HIV has a period of communicability that begins _______________ during infection and continues indefinitely.

Hepatitis A virus has a period of communicability that begins in the _______________ half of the incubation period and continues for a week into jaundice.

Acute infection is typically cleared by the immune system within _______________ days.